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Transcript
Study Questions: Populations, Communities Species Interaction 1. Define the terms herbivore, carnivore and omnivore; explain the terms primary vs. secondary produces, giving examples of each. Populations, Communities and Species Interaction 2. Define the term species and explain what determines where a species lives. Ecology: study of relationships 3. Explain evolution, using terms such as adaptation, natural selection, selective pressure and mutation. betweens organisms and 4. How and why might new species come into being? 5. Compare and contrast predation, parasitism, competition, and symbiosis (including mutualism and commensalism) 6. Discuss ideal vs. actual population growth; compare and contrast r- and k-reproductive strategies. their environment Ecosystem: biological community and its environment 7. Describe and define a community, including diversity and abundance, and succession. Herbivore: organism that eats plant matter Primary producers: organisms that do photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight Æ C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2 Carnivore: organism that eats animal matter Pix of plant, algae Omnivore: organism that eats plant and animal matter Consumers: organisms that do not do photosynthesis, but obtain their nutrients by eating 1 Food Chains and Food Webs: interactions and connections between organisms that transfer organic matter via eating Trophic level: an organism’s feeding status; its place in the food chain Species: genetically similar organisms that can successfully reproduce with each other Range of Tolerance What Determines Where Species Live? Upper limit of tolerance Lower limit of tolerance Factors such as temperature, nutrient supply, etc. Few organisms Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Population size Tolerance limits: minimum and maximum levels of factors beyond which organisms cannot survive No organisms Zone of Zone of intolerance physiological stress Low Optimum range Temperature Zone of Zone of physiological stress intolerance High 2 Adaptation: changes that allow an organism or population to survive in its environment Selective pressures and random mutations lead to Natural selection: the process in which better competitors reproduce more successfully Some of these changes are passed on genetically Evolution: gradual changes in species that result from competition for scarce resources Speciation: the development of a new, distinct species 4 of the 13 Galapagos Finch Varieties Speciation can occur as a result of: • New food or other resource • New stress (climate or predator) • Geographic isolation • Behavioral isolation Species Interactions • Predation Co-evolution: predator and prey evolve in response to each other (camouflage, mimicry) Predator: organism that feeds directly upon another living organism (prey) American bittern Scorpion Fish Predator can affect population of prey 3 Monarch Viceroy • Competition Organisms compete for: Nutrients, space, mates, etc. Longhorn Beetle • Symbiosis: 2 or more species living together Intra- and inter-specific competition exist Mutualism: both members benefit Commensalism: 1 species benefits, 1 is neutral Parasitism: 1 species benefits, 1 is harmed Population Dynamics Population: all members of a species that live in the same area at the same time Population growth depends on many factors • Size of population • Resource availability • Predator populations • Environmental conditions 4 Ideal, unlimited population growth is exponential Actual growth slows down as resources become limited Reproductive Strategies r-adapted species: use rapid, copious reproduction K-adapted species: slower reproduction, fewer offspring J curve S curve Communities Community: all the populations that live and interact in an area Ecotones: boundaries between adjacent communities Diversity: number of different species within an area Abundance: number of individuals of a species within an area The greater diversity in a community, the greater resiliency and stability of that community Primary succession: development of a community where none has previously existed Secondary succession: development of a community where a pre-existing community was disrupted or destroyed Climax community: stable community with no further succession; “mature” community 5 Invasive species: organisms not normally found in a particular location that disrupt the local community Hawaiian mongoose Polynesian rat 6