Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 1: The New World The First Americans o Plummeting sea levels and melting of glaciers led to the formation of the land bridge “ Bering Strait” between Asia and South America o Followed Megafuna (enormous mammals) to North America, as ice melted away Reached tip of South America o Climate change and hunting led to disappearance of main food source o Adapted and began hunting smaller mammals, fish, and began collecting nuts and berries o Agriculture begins Northwest Natives fished in Salmon filled rivers Varied geography led to uprising of different cultures o Mesoamericans (Mexico/Central America) develop first population (1200 BCE.) Corn= main food source “Three sisters”= corn, beans, and squash, was easily grown and met all nutritional needs o Native American Farming Shifting Cultivation= farmers cut the forest, burned undergrowth, then planted seeds in remains. Good in areas with difficult soil Central & Eastern United States= intensive farming, farmed using hand tools o Across Midwest & Southwest settlers built networks of settlements, taking full advantage of land Slavery existed but could be escaped through marriage or by becoming a member of the community o Largest & most advanced civilization was located in Cahokia Key trading center 2,000 acres wide Collapsed in 1300 o American Southwest had large civilization that strived off of their advanced irrigation system and trading o Pacific Northwest= large food surplus & large lush forests o Developed culture of “potlatches” where host would demonstrate his wealth by feeding and entertaining guests Handmade art work like totem poles and masks arose from these gatherings o Native American lived in communities tied by kinship networks Ancestry was matrilineal Women were very influential, they got to choose their husbands and divorce was a very common and easy process European Expansion o Scandinavians discovered “new world” before Columbus o Renaissance led to European expansion o Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella led the wealthy royal couple as main source of funding for the exploration of the new world o Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator) Technological advances= astrolabe & caraval helped improve exploration o Sugar= luxury among wealthy in Europe Portuguese grew sugar cane along Mediterranean Demand in sugar cane led to a demand for workers= slavery was born Purchased mainly from Nigeria, creating first major plantation o Christopher Columbus (Italian born sailor) was funded by Spanish King & Queen in his search for Asia Made 4 voyages to New World Spaniards dehumanized natives of New World (Arawak’s) Arrival of Europeans led to high rate of Native American deaths since they had lived away from diseases their bodies were weak and not immune to the newly immigrated illnesses Spanish Exploration & Conquest o Goal was to “serve God, and the King and also to get rich” o Created the “encomienda legal system” which ultimately exploited the N.A. o Aztec Architecture led to greedy Spaniards who wanted to conquer Aztec land 1959, Hernan Cortes organized invasion of Mexico Gained control easily through persuasion Incas also easily conquered due to civil unrest and diseases (smallpox) o Settled into New World creating own hierarchy Penisualares= Iberian-born Spaniards (espanoles); highest Criollos= New World Born Spaniards; second Mestizos= mix of Spanish & Indian Interracial marriage was allowed Slaves & Indians bottom of hierarchy Chapter 2: Colliding Cultures Spanish America o Diseases wiped out civilizations o 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon arrived in Florida o Frequent fighting between explorers & natives o 1560’s Spanish expelled French Protestants (Huegenos) o Santa Fe= First European settlement in Southwest (1610) o Many didn’t settle in New Mexico because of the climate & hostile environment Spain’s Rival Emerge o Other European countries used “humanization justification” as excuse o come to the New World o Used religion as an excuse too, they were basically trying to justify their greedy and money hungry motives The French Colonization developed from trading Had trading expedition that spread down Atlantic Coast Quebec= New France French were friendlier w/ N.A.’s more cooperative because of the importance of trade Married Indian women & sent Jesuit missionaries to live w/ N.A.’s The Dutch Dutch women could own property Slavery was key to their capitalism Henry Hudson=found Hudson river Believe Native people possessed same natural rights as Europeans Even bought land off of N.A.’s instead of just pushing them away and conquering land Goal was to profit not conquer Trade=central economic activity Developed lumber camps, farms, & settlements Patroon System= encouraged colonization by granting large estates to wealthy landlords to rent out Slaves essentially created most of New Amsterdam Less exploited than we believe Could sue for wages The Portuguese Leaders in Atlantic Navigation Focused on Brazil because of the gold & silver mines This is where they developed the sugar & slave trade Brought Christianity to Brazil English Colonization o Wanted to come to the new world to do God’s work o “Privateering”= Queen Elizabeth sent “seadoggs” Hawkins & Drake to plunder Spanish ships & towns in America Raided & stole o England violently seized land leaving inhabitants somewhere out to die Jamestown o 1607 sailed to 40 miles up river In the ships: Susan Constant, Godspeed, Discovery o Came across Powhatan Confederacy Experts in crop growing o Since most English settlers would “rather starve then work” many died of starvation & diseases o Famine struck Jamestown & it was slowly crumbling o Discovery of Tobacco saved Jamestown from its fall o 1619= established a representative body, “ House of Burgesses” o Bought 20 slaves & marks beginning of “southern slavery” o New found growth led to conflict with Powhatan o Colonists began driving Indians off their land o Feeling of superiority led to enslavement of Africans New England o Puritan was dominate religion o Believed that humans were “predestined” o After coronation of King Charles I, Puritans were persecuted o Most European immigrants were middle class families o Puritans survived diseases by befriending remaining N.A.s who survived the smallpox outbreak of 1610.