Download WHI.05a: Ancient Greece: Geography to Persian Wars

WHI.05a: Ancient Greece:
Geography to Persian Wars
Objectives
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The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
a. assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including
the impact of Greek commerce and colonies;
b. describing Greek mythology and religion;
c. identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of citizenship and the
development of democracy, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta;
d. evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars;
Essential Understandings
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1. The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of
Greek civilization.
2. The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic culture
across the Mediterranean and Black seas.
3. Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture, politics, and art in
ancient Greece.
4. Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient
Greek mythology.
5. Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen,
although not everyone could participate in decision making.
6. It became a foundation of modern democracies.
7. Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta
(oligarchy).
8. The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence.
Essential Questions
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1. How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek
economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization?
2. How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?
3. What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world?
4. How did democracy develop in Athens?
5. How did Sparta differ from Athens?
6. Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?
Why Do I Need To Know This?
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1. The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage were planted during this time period.
2. Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece.
Ancient Greece
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Map of Ancient Greece
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Using the pages indicated, label the following on the map. Color where
directed.
Page 109
Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Mt. Olympus, Thebes (City),
Athens (city), Corinth (city), Mycenae (city), PELOPENNESUS, Sparta (city),
CRETE, MACEDONIA
Color in: Greek Homeland in 750 B.C. (put the color in the key at the bottom)
Page 119
Troy (city), PERSIAN EMPIRE, Ionia (you’ve already colored it as part of the
Greek Homeland from page 109)
Greece
Geography
1. Geography
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a. mainly of the mountainous Balkan and Peloponnesus peninsulas
surrounded by the Ionian Sea (East), Aegean Sea (West) and Med
Sea (south)
b. about 1,400 islands
c. western coast of Anatolia
d. rugged mountains cover about ¾ of ancient Greece
e. Greece has a mild climate with temperatures averaging 48 degrees in the
winter and 80 degrees in the summer – supports an outdoor life
Greek Mountains
Geography
2. Effect of the mountains
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a. cover about ¾ of Greece
b. difficult to unite the ancient Greeks under a single government;
developed small independent communities instead – only religion and
language connected the Greeks
c. made land transportation difficult
d. only 20% of the land was suitable for farming; grew grains, grapes and
olives
e. Greece was poor in natural resources such as timber, precious metal and
usable farmland
f. the sea was an important transportation route for the Greeks
Greek Mountains
Grapes and Olives
Geography
3. Colonizing
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a. A desire for more living space (they were overpopulated),
b. grassland for raising livestock
c. adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to
seek out new sites for colonies
Minoans
1. Where?
a. Island of Crete
b. Capital at Knossos
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Minoans
2. King Minos
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a. Legendary king who kept a minotaur (half bull, half man) locked inside a
labyrinth underneath the palace
b. King Minos forced a sacrifice from Athens of 7 boys and 7 girls every year
in retaliation for the death of his son
Minoans
3. Civilization?
a. Enjoyed sports such as boxing, wrestling, and bull-leaping
b. Peaceful – cities did not have walls to protect them
c. Traded metal goods, pottery, and textiles
Traded with Egyptians, Syrians, and others
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Mycenae
1. Who?
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a. a group of Indo-Europeans settled on Greek mainland around 2000
B.C.
b. ruled by warrior kings
c. invaded the Minoans in 1400 BC
Mycenae
2. Trojan War
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Mythological – the Trojan prince, Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of
a Spartan king (Menelaus), brother of the king of Mycenae (Agamemnon); the
Greeks went to war with Troy for 10 years; Greeks pretend to give up and give
Troy a large wooden horse (filled with soldiers); the soldiers open the gate to
Troy and the Greeks destroy Troy
Trojan War
Trojan War
Trojan
War
Mycenae
2. Trojan War
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Probable – struggle for control of the strategic Dardanelles Straits that
connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea, giving sea access to
central Asia
Dorians (1150-750BC)
1. Who
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a. the Mycenaeans collapsed around 1200 B.C. and the Dorians took over
the Greek peninsula
b. a warrior people and were not interested in trade or culture
Dorians (1150-750BC)
2. Homer
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a. blind poet who composed epics – narrative poems celebrating heroic
deeds
b. wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey; describe the battle of Troy
Mythology
1. What is a myth?
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a. a traditional stories about Greek gods; a way for the Greeks to explain
natural phenomena, life events, and the power of human passions
Mythology
2. Characteristics of gods/goddesses
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a. the Greeks attributed human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy
to their gods
Mythology
3. What is a myth?
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a.Zeus – ruler of the gods, ruled the sky, weather and thunderstorms
b.Hera – Zeus’s wife, often jealous of Zeus’s relationships with other women
c. Athena – warrior goddess of wisdom and Zeus’s favorite child
d.Apollo – god of poetry and music, son of Zeus and Leto
e.Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty
f. Poseidon – god of the seas
g.Hades – god of the underworld
Zeus and Hera
Athena and Apollo
Aphrodite and Poseidon
Hades
Rule and Order
Definitions
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1.polis – Greek city-state, made up of a city and its surrounding
countryside; was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece; designed
to promote civic and commercial life
2.acropolis – a fortified hilltop in the center of each polis
3.agora – public center on an acropolis, male citizens gathered to conduct
business
4.hoplite – Greek foot soldier
5.phalanx – rectangular fighting formation where hoplites stood side by
side; most powerful fighting force in the ancient world
City-States of Ancient Greece
An Acropolis and an Agora
Athenian Acropolis
• Fortified hilltop for protection
– Walls are the mountain its built on—marble
Hoplite
Phalanx
Rule and Order
Political Structures
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a.monarchy – when a king or queen rules a government
b.tyrants – powerful individuals who gained control of the government by
appealing to the poor and the discontented for support
c.aristocracy – a government that is ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families
d.oligarchy – a government ruled a few powerful people, usually by military
leaders
Sparta
The Peloponnesus
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1.The southern peninsula of Greece
2.Spartans conquered the Peloponesus around 725 BC
3.Development of social structure
a.Peloponnesians became helots – slaves; largest class in Spartan
society, outnumbered Spartans 20 to 1
a.The perioikoi - free people who weren’t Spartans, not considered
citizens, conducted all business within Sparta; sometimes served as
a military reserve
b.The Spartans – the elite warrior class that developed in response to
the large number of helots and perioikoi
Sparta
Sparta Today
Sparta
2. Government
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Had two kings that really only acted as generals
Really an oligarchy – led by the ephors and the Gerousia – council of 28
elders over the age of 60
Sparta
Life as a Spartan
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a. Life was centered on the pursuit of physical perfection and military
training.
all forms of individual expression were discouraged
did not value the arts
valued duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty
and freedom
b. Birth
Newborns were bathed in wine then examined by the ephors
Sickly babies were placed on a hillside to die or tossed off a
cliff
Healthy boys lived with their parents until age 7
Healthy girls stayed with their parents and ran, wrestled, and
played sports; learned to put service of Sparta above love,
even family
Sparta
Life as a Spartan
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c. Age 7
Boys went to military school for training
Taught how to use weapons and trained for endurance and strength
Frequent beatings
Taught basic reading, writing, and arithmetic
d. Age 20
Became soldiers
Allowed to get married
Had to live in barracks until age 30
e. Age 30
Soldiers finally became citizens
Allowed to live in their own homes
Remained in the military until age 60
Athens
1. Location
Located on the Attica Peninsula in Greece
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Athens
2&3 Government and Citizenship
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a.tried to create a democracy – rule by the people; citizens participated
directly in the decision making
b.stages in evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, aristocracy,
tyranny, democracy
a.only free adult males could be citizens – women, slaves, and foreigners were
excluded from citizenship;
Athens
4. Democratic reformers
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a.Draco – wrote the first legal code making all people equal,
punishments were very harsh; included debt slavery
b.Solon – outlawed debt slavery; organized citizens according to
wealth; only top 3 classes could hold political office, but all could
participate in the Assembly
Athens
4. Democratic Reformers
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c.Pisistratus – provided loans to help peasants buy farm equipment and
launched a massive building program that gave jobs to the poor and
earned their support
d.Cleisthenes – worked to make Athens a full democracy by reorganizing
the assembly to break up the power of the nobility; created the Council
of 500 which proposed laws and counseled the assembly; members of
the Council were chosen at random
Athens
Education
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a.Sons of wealthy families received education starting at 7 and graduated at
18
Studied poetry, history, math, music, and athletics
b.Girls stayed at home to learn how to be good wives and mothers; many
could not read or write
Persian Wars
Ionia 500BC
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a.between Greece and the Persian Empire
b.520 B.C., the Persians conquered Ionia (Greek controlled territory in
Anatolia)
c.Ionian Greeks revolted with the help of Athens
d.Darius squashed the rebellion
and vowed to destroy Athens in
revenge
Persian Wars
Marathon 490BC
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a.Greeks won even though they were outnumbered (10,000 Greeks to 25,000
Persians)
b.a young runner Pheidippides raced the 26 miles back to Athens with news of
the victory and then collapsed and died
Marathon
Persian Wars
Thermopylae – 480BC
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a.King Leonidas led a group of 300 Spartans and about 7000 other Greeks at
Thermopylae;
b.held them for 3 days; all the Greeks were killed, but the Persians lost an
estimate 50,000
a.Persians marched to Athens and burned it to the ground
Thermopylae
Thermopylae
King Leonidas
Warriors from 300
Spartan Soldier
Phalanx
Battle of Thermopylae
(Persians
Greeks)
Battle of Thermopylae
(Persians
Greeks)
Persian Wars
Salamis – 480BC
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a.Themistocles knew to defeat the Persians, he had to attack the Persian navy
and supply ships
b.the 360+ Greek ships easily defeated the 1200+ Persians at the Battle of
Salamis, ending the threat of another Persian invasion Greece
Persian Wars
Plataea – 479BC
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a. Greeks won – 40,000 Greeks (led by 10,000 Spartans) fought against a Persian
invasion of 120,000 Persians
b. Last land battle of the war
Persian Wars
Results
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a.Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom
b.Athens became the leader of the Delian League – a military alliance of
140 city-states
c.Athens entered a Golden Age