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AP Psychology Review Page 1 of 5 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Biological Bases, Perception, and Consciousness Key Terms and Concepts Before taking the test, you need to be able to explain the meaning of each of these terms or concepts. Use the glossary to look up the definition of terms. You must write an application statement for each of the bolded vocabulary terms. Do not write a definition!!! Application statements include, using the word in a sentence, applying the term to psychology, using the word in a story. Bolded words mean you must know them or suffer! accommodation adaptation Afferent neurons all-or-none law amphetamines antagonist association areas auditory nerve basal ganglia binocular cue blood-brain barrier CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography cerebellum cerebrum circadian rhythm three types of receptors corpus callosum action potential adrenal glands Agonist neurons alpha waves amplitude (loudness) apnea auditory canal autonomic nervous system basilar membrane bipolar cells bone conduction hearing timbre (complexity activation-synthesis hypothesis adrenaline transduction synapse amygdala suprachiasmic nucleus auditory cortex axon beta (sawtooth) waves blind spot brainstem central nervous system cerebral hemispheres sympathetic nervous system colliculi cornea dark adaptation delta waves depth perception dura mater cerebral cortex chemical senses cochlea cones neurocognitive theories of dreaming dendrites DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) eardrum endocrine system excitatory feature integration theory fovea ganglion cells genotype depolarize dominant efferent endorphins Feature Detection Theory figure and ground frequency theory gate control theory Gestalt principles gustation Hertz heterozygous hippocampus homozygous hormone tastebud temporal lobes incus (anvil) theta waves insomnia just noticeable difference/JND kinesthetic lens lateral inhibition limbic system malleus (hammer) melatonin meiosis monocular cue mitosis motion sickness motor MRI/fMRI (Functional Magnetic Müller-Lyer Illusion Resonance Imaging) temporal cortex Narcolepsy epinephrine feature detectors forebrain substance dependence gene glia (glial cells) Hemisphere hindbrain horizontal cells hypothalamus inhibitory iris thalamus light adaptation medulla midbrain substance P motor neurons Myelin © Copyright 2004 Apex Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only. No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express written permission of Apex Learning, Inc. AP Psychology Review Page 2 of 5 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Biological Bases, Perception, and Consciousness nature-nuture thyroid gland trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) theory olfaction opponent process theory ossicles ovaries Weber's law perception PET (Positron Emission Tomography) photopigments pineal gland pituitary gland plasticity prefrontal cortex primary somatosensory cortex psychoactive drug refractory period reticular activating system/RAS rods sensation sensory neuron somatic nervous system substantia nigra neurotransmitter norepinephrine thymus occipital lobes olfactory bulb optic nerve otolith organs pancreas parasympathetic nervous system periodic limb movement disorder phenotype olfactory epithelium organ of Corti oval window parallel processing parietal lobe photoreceptors threshold place coding/place principle polarization vestibular sense subliminal pupil REM retina sclera visible spectrum sleep paralysis substance abuse pia mater pitch (frequency) place theory pons primary motor cortex proximity recessive visual cortex reuptake semicircular canals sensory integration soma steroid peripheral nervous system phi phenomenon Biological Bases, Perception, and Consciousness The Nervous and Endocrine Systems In this section you will review the major structures and organization of the two systems that drive human behavior. In the past generation, brain imaging and other technological and scientific tools have dramatically improved. With these tools, we are no longer dependent on case studies of brain damage to learn about the nervous system. As you review your textbook and course materials, you'll learn how the nervous system provides instant communication throughout the body using a variety of specialized cells, such as neurons and glia, along with chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. The brain is the command center of your nervous system, running the activity of all the subdivisions. The endocrine system is a network of glands that are under the control of the hypothalamus, a small organ in the brain. The endocrine system produces a variety of hormones that travel through the blood and body tissues, influencing growth, emotions, and behavior. When you have finished your review, you should be able to describe the major divisions, components and functions of these two vital systems. © Copyright 2004 Apex Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only. No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express written permission of Apex Learning, Inc. AP Psychology Review Page 3 of 5 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Biological Bases, Perception, and Consciousness Learning Objectives – please answer the following questions. You may use outline form. Describe the major divisions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Describe and differentiate between the functions of the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system. Identify categories of cells in the nervous system. Label and explain the parts of a neuron, explaining how a neural transmission would occur. Describe communication as it is carried out by neurons. Describe the anatomy of the central nervous system. Identify the processes that are controlled by the central nervous system. Identify the major glands that comprise the endocrine system and the hormones that they produce. Differentiate between the activities of neurotransmitters and hormones in influencing behavior and experience. Sample Questions - please answer the following questions. You may use outline form Differentiate between the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Describe the influence of the hormone adrenaline on various bodily functions and behavior. Describe the steps involved in the conduction of an action potential through a motor neuron and across the synapse. List the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe two major functions that are controlled in each one. Genetic Influences Review the fundamentals of genetic inheritance with special attention to their relevance for psychological science. Make sure you understand the interactions between dominant and recessive genes and the traits that they carry. Additionally, examine what has been learned about the possible genetic basis of various human traits and behavior based on latest information derived from twin studies. Consider whether psychological functions (and other human traits) are mostly genetic and inherited, mostly influenced by environmental conditions, or whether the truth is more complicated. It may be better to refer to "nature via nurture"— the way that nurture promotes or discourages genetic potentials rather than using the over-simplified and inaccurate term "nature versus nurture." Learning Objectives - please answer the following questions. You may use outline form Identify the cellular components of genetic transmission. Describe the functions of dominant and recessive genes. Describe the transmission of recessive traits using the example of a genetic disorder. © Copyright 2004 Apex Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only. No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express written permission of Apex Learning, Inc. AP Psychology Review Page 4 of 5 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Biological Bases, Perception, and Consciousness Differentiate between genotype and phenotype. Describe the process of research in behavior genetics and its strengths and limitations. Discuss the ways in which genes and environment interact to influence behavior. Sample Questions - please answer the following questions. You may use outline form Differentiate between the functions of genes and chromosomes. Describe the effects on the offspring of parents who each carry one dominant and one recessive gene for particular trait. Describe the influence of the environment on the emergence of a phenotype. Sensation and Perception The relationship between sensation and perception is complex. Although they are often presented separately in textbooks, they are interrelated in many ways. Sensation is the process the nervous system uses to detect physical stimuli, and translate them into action potentials that the brain can interpret and understand. Perception is the interpretation of these signals in the brain through the normal functioning of the thalamus and cortical tissues. The interactive functioning of sensation and perception occurs in multiple systems — vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, balance, and kinesthetic. You've learned how separate sensory systems interact with and depend on each other, and how other psychological factors (such as attitudes and beliefs) can influence the way humans perceive objects and events. Take this opportunity to continue to expand your understanding of each sensory system and recall how inaccurate and changeable perception can be. Learning Objectives - please answer the following questions. You may use outline form Differentiate between sensation and perception. Describe the processes of sensory adaptation and integration. Define the terms "threshold" and "just noticeable difference." Identify and describe the components of each sensory system. Describe what can be learned about the functioning of the visual system through the study of classic optical illusions. Explain the various ways we organize perceptions. Differentiate between and explain monocular and binocular depth cues. Sample Questions - please answer the following questions. You may use outline form Describe the relationship between sensation and perception. Describe the anatomy and functioning of the retina. Identify the two chemical senses and discuss the interaction between them. © Copyright 2004 Apex Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only. No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express written permission of Apex Learning, Inc. AP Psychology Review Page 5 of 5 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Biological Bases, Perception, and Consciousness Name the Gestalt laws of visual perception. Discuss what is learned about visual perception through analysis of the effects of the Ponzo illusion. Consciousness Consciousness is the last frontier of psychological science — we still don't quite fully understand how it happens. Your textbook lays the groundwork for your understanding. You've had an overview of the most current information about how the structures and processes of the nervous system operate to create the various states of consciousness. The competing theories about what (if any) purpose REM and dreaming may serve and the evidence for each one were compared. In addition, disorders and problems of sleep are treated along with tips for achieving the best possible sleep "hygiene" — healthy habits that will help you get a good night's rest. Related to states of consciousness are two topics: hypnosis and psychoactive drugs. You've had a chance to explore the formerly mysterious process of hypnosis, examined what happens during hypnosis, and learned what its real benefits may be. Last, you can review the many types of psychoactive drugs — their chemical make up, short-term effects, addictive qualities, and long-term damage potential. Learning Objectives - please answer the following questions. You may use outline form Identify the major brain structures and chemicals that operate in producing states of alertness and sleep. Describe the five states of consciousness that comprise the sleep cycle. Name the major sleep disorders and the long-term health consequences of each. Compare theories of hypnosis and the evidence for each one. List the major categories of psychoactive drugs along with the nervous system processes that each one disrupts. Sample Questions - please answer the following questions. You may use outline form What is the role of melatonin in influencing states of wakefulness and sleep? Discuss what is known about the function of slow (delta) wave and REM sleep in preserving body and nervous system health. Name one valid clinical use and one misapplication of the process of hypnosis. List the psychoactive drugs that act as central nervous system depressants and describe their possible long-term effects. © Copyright 2004 Apex Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only. No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express written permission of Apex Learning, Inc.