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Europe and the World: New Encounters, 15th- 19th C The Motives for Exploration Travels of John Mandeville Legend of Prester John Mar Thoma Fascination with the East The Polos “God, Glory, and Gold” Religious zeal (New converts) Fame (1st to discover a…) Economic motives (Fabled cities of gold) The Means of Exploration Portolani (charts) Compasses & astrolabes Ptolemy’s Geography Caravel Ships Axial rudders Lateen sails New Horizons The Portuguese Empire Development of Portuguese “Empire” Prince Henry “the Navigator” (1394-1460) School for Navigators, 1419 1441: Atlas Mtns: Look for Au, bring back slaves 1471: West Africa: discovers gold, renamed Gold Coast. Begin leasing land & building forts to trade ivory, Au & slaves 1497: Bartolomeu Dias Rounds Cape of Good Hope, but turns back after threatened mutiny Development of Portuguese “Empire” Vasco de Gama rounds Cape travels to Zanzibar (1497); on to Calicut (‘98) Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque Base in Goa, 1510 Conquers Malacca, 1511 • Destroys Arab spice trade Success of Portugal Portuguese ventured east to China & Moluccas (Spice Islands) Portuguese too weak to establish real empire. Limited to trading posts. Success based on Weaponry & Seamanship Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Spanish Empire Voyages to the New World Christopher Columbus (14511506) Bahamas - October 12, 1492 Voyages in 1493, 1498, 1502 Line of Demarcation & Treaty of Tordesillas Split New World b/t Spain & Portugal John Cabot, for Henry 8 1497 Pedro Cabral, 1500 Ferdinand Magellan & Del Cano, 1519-1522 Spanish Empire in the Americas Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Mayas- Yucatan & Central America Aztecs- Mexico Early Civilizations in Peru Moche & Nazca Inca Conquistadores! Conquest of Mexico Hernán Cortés: Mexico, 1519-1522 • Aztecs- Moctezuma Conquest of Peru Francisco Pizarro -Peru, 1531-1536 • Inca- Atahualpa Chief weapons Horses & guns Internecine rivalry • Allied w/ rival tribes Disease • Smallpox preceded them Administration of the Spanish Empire Encomiendas- Originally to curb abuse Span Landlords of “Castilian” Indian Tenants • Spanish protect, pay, & provide spiritual direction to tenants • Reality: new name for slave labor Viceroyalties of New Spain & Peru Audiencias- Royal Courts of Justice Ecclesiastical Powers- King had power to appoint bishops, cardinals, supervise religious orders that came to New World • Only monarch with this power Disease 30-40% died from smallpox, typhus, measles The Aztec The Inca ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. New Rivals on the World Stage Africa: The Slave Trade Dutch East India Company- took over Portuguese trading empire as their power waned Sugar trade increased need for slaves Growth in the Slave Trade 275,000 enslaved Africans exported during the sixteenth century 1,000,000 Africans exported in the seventeenth century 6,000,000 African sent out in the eighteenth century Altogether 10 million Africans exported Slave ships- 50% British, rest divided b/t Fr, Dutch, Port, Dan, & Am Slave traders- Historians once thought Euros controlled trade, but now see African middlemen actively participated also The Slave Trade ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Effects of the Slave Trade Economic End of cottage industries PoliticalIncrease in internecine warfare w/i Africa Social Destruction of cultures, increase in human sacrifice Opposition to slaveryQuakers • France: 1790s; Britain: 1807; US, 1865 The West in Southeast Asia The Moluccas Portuguese displaced Too small to maintain huge empire Brits take possession Dutch take possession of Indonesia by 18th C Make capital at Batavia Monopoly on Indonesian spices • Destruction of clove trees Indochina Mainland nations resisted Euro domination Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Angkor • All had strong monarchies Missionaries early 17th C Trade thru 18th C Euros got inroads by supporting rival factions in civil conflicts Prince Canh to Louis XVI Treaty of Versailles. 1787 19th C: Increasing political control Vietnam: French capital of Indochina The West in India The French & British in India The Mughal Empire Britain Fort William (Calcutta) • Black Hole France Pondicherry Battle of Plassey, 1757 Brit E. India Co. has right to collect taxes British in India After 7 Years War , Fr. power gone from India B.E.I.C. moves inland; secures new marketssimple econ strategynow seen as beginning of Brit hegemony over subcontinent The Qing Empire ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Qing Kangxi Qing Qianlong Qing Yongzheng Qing Jiaqing China Ming to Qing Ming falling in power (weak rulers) Begins in 1644 by Manchu invaders Qing blessed with strong long serving emperors • Kangxi (61 yrs) • Yongzheng (13 yrs) • Qianlong (59 yrs) • Jiaqing (24 yrs) Western Inroads in China 17th –mid 18th C, Qing losing prestige Military campaigns taking up treasury Population explosion • Famine • Land shortage Europe clamors for more trade Russia: silks & furs Britain- tea & Silk Canton- Brits confined to island off coast Trade from Oct –March Qianlong has no desire for trade Lord Macartney sent to change mind- kowtow? Fail Japan @ end of 15th C, Japan in anarchy For next C, centralization developed slowly Tokugawa Ieyasu (15431616) Est’d shogunate • Central authority flowed down to daimyos (lords) Japan Opens to the West Portuguese traders arrive 1543 Regular trade follows Fascinated by Euro goods • Tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses, & GUNS! Effect on architecture • W/ guns & cannon, stone towers follow Francis Xavier & Jesuits arrive in 1549: GREAT success w/i 30 yrs, 130,000 converts The Honeymoon Ends Results in strong reaction from Shoguns All Western missionaries expelled Japanese Christians persecuted Revolt crushed- bloodily Western merchants next to go • All trading posts shut down & everyone expelled except Dutch • Dutch allowed to stay at Nagasaki (NLT 2 months @ a time) The Americas As silver mines gave out & empire costs cont’d drain treasury, Spain & Portugal weakened & supplanted by Dutch, French, & British The West Indies Britain & France • Est’d large plantation colonies Jamaica: 50K tons of sugar via 200K slaves Haiti: 100K tons via 50K slaves Very high death rates Spain & the Asiento As Spain’s econ fell, looked for new ways to raise capital Spain outsourced it’s slave trade Monopolies granted to other countries & merchants to provide slaves for colonies North America Henry Hudson, 1609 New Netherlands Britain Virginia Massachusetts Bay Colony French Canada • Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 • Seven Years’ War, 1763 Toward a World Economy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Economic Conditions in the 16th Century Inflation Price revolution • Wages don’t keep up • Standard of living declines Influx of precious metals drove prices up Population boom led to greater demand for food/land Profit inflation Mercantilism Supply of bullion (gold and silver) Balance of trade Protect export industry and trade by granting monopolies Encourage investment in new industries Role of the state Trade= war waged by other means Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization Overseas expansion with colonies and trading posts Inter-European trade still dominant Impact of European Expansion The Conquered Nat Am civs Population losses Africa Impact of the slave trade Portuguese trading posts in East had little impact on Nat Asian civs Lat Am civ Central & South Am Intermarriage Slaves Ecology The Conquerors Dreams of land Opportunities for women Discovery of sources of gold and silver Columbian exchange Deepened rivalries New view of the world Catholic Missionaries America Doms, Francs, & Jesuits Christianization Brought Nat Ams together into villages Construction of hospitals, orphanages, and schools Nunneries China Jesuits Success of Jesuits, Doms, and Francs 300,00 converts Japan Jesuits