Download BEF Momentum - IWPD Research Center

Unifying
the
Geometry of General Relativity with the
Virtual Particle Nature
of
Quantum Electrodynamics
American Physical Society
2007 March Meeting
Denver, Colorado
John R. Laubenstein
IWPD Research Center
Naperville, Illinois
Tel: 630-428-9842
Email: [email protected]
www.iwpd.org
We pose the question:
What if the universe is not best
described by points – but, rather
as two-dimensional rings that
have been expanding since the
origin of space and time?
This results in no
conceptual change to
Spacetime, but rather
simply a change in the
way we describe
Spacetime.
• The basic concept of String Theory is
projected beyond the Planck Scale to the
Macro-World
• One spatial dimension is expressed
through two-dimensional rings (or rods)
and not as points
• Time is measured through the expansion
of these rings (or rods).
This ring has been dubbed as the
“Energime”
The properties of the energime are
manifested in one of three fundamental
quantum values:
73
Mass  2.19  10 kg
34
Distance  1.02  10 m
Motion  3.00  10 m / s
8
The Equivalence of Time and a Spatial
Dimension through 2D “Rods” or “Rings”
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a) Light cone with dashed lines showing passage of time
(b) Cylinder defined by two-dimensions of space and “time-lines”
(c) Geometric conversion of the surface area of a cylinder to a sphere
depicting a 2-dimensional space defined by points (blue) and a third
dimension manifested as rings and representing both the evolution of a
spatial dimension and the passage of time
Two-Dimensional Surface with Rods Defining
both a Spatial Dimension and Time
Each Rod Defines a Space on the 2D Space Grid
Rotating the 2D Surface
Two-Dimensional Space Grid (2DSG) with rods extended
outward from the planar surface defining both the 3rd
spatial dimension along with the passage of time
Energime Field Associated
with Massive Object
Distortion of Flat Space due to
Massive Object
Distortion of Flat Space due to
Massive Object
Changing
energime field
Massive
Object
Gravitational Force
Determined by a change in scale (gauge)
between the Background Energime Field
(BEF) and a Local Energime Field (LEF).
This change in scale can be
equivalently viewed as:
• The “warping” of space and spacetime
• The transfer (emission and absorption)
of a quantum particle (energime)
The “warping” of space and spacetime
LEF
BEF
Velocity
Quantitatively: From Infinity
BEF = Unity (by definition)
LEF 
1
 1  Mass 
1 


2

h
Distance



LEF
BEF
Velocity
Quantitatively: Between any
Two Points
1
LEF 
1 
 M  1
1 


 2h  D f Di 
Quantitatively: The Velocity of an
Object in a Gravitational Free Fall






1
v  1 

 1   M  1  1  
  2 h  D


D
i 
 f

2
The Velocity Equation is based on the
Geometry of Space and Spacetime
LEF
BEF
Velocity
The transfer (emission and absorption)
of a quantum particle (energime)
LEF
BEF
Energy and Momentum
Space and
Spacetime
remain
flat
Quantitative: The Addition of Energy
(Mass) from a Gravitating Object
BEF Energy = Unity
BEF  LEF
LEF Energy 
LEF
LEF
BEF
Energy (mass) and Momentum
Quantitative: The LEF Momentum Due to
a Gravitating Object
BEF Momentum = 0
BEF  LEF
0.5 
LEF
LEF Momentum 
BEF  LEF
1
LEF
LEF
BEF
Energy (mass) and Momentum
The Emission and Absorption of a ForceTransmitting Particle
The energy gain and momentum of a
free falling mass is determined exactly
by the LEF Energy and LEF
Momentum absorbed from the field
resulting in the velocity of an object
in flat space and spacetime
LEF
BEF
Energy (mass) and Momentum
Geometry
Particle
LEF
BEF
Velocity
LEF
BEF
Velocity due to
the absorption
of Energy and
Momentum
from the Field
Gravity and Electrostatic Force
• Gravity is due to the propagation of a real
particle (energime) and is always attractive
• Electrostatic Force is propagated through a
“virtual” particle that emits and absorbs
energy and momentum creating both an
attractive and repulsive force
Electrostatic Force
The only other allowable force mitigating
particle with an infinite reach has a mass of
9.11  10
31
kg






1
v  1 



M
M
1  K 



 D f Di  



2
K represents a proportionality constant for the given force field and is equal to:
1
K
2 
Gravitational Force
Electrostatic Force
  1.01  10 m
  2.43  10
Mass Force Propagating  2.19 10 73 kg
Mass Force Propagating  9.1110 31 kg
31
12
m
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
• Force is propagated through the exchange of
virtual photons
• The path of these photons can be any one of
an infinite number of paths
Cosmological Accomplishments of
Energime Theory
• 14.2 Billion Years: predicted age of the universe
• Dark Energy: provides a physical explanation
through the emission of free
energimes that expand vacuum
• Accelerated Rate of Expansion: free energime
emission predicts an acceleration
rate in agreement with observation
Final Thought
Is it possible that the universe is not best
described by points – but, rather with ever
expanding energime rings that change the
way we describe Spacetime?
American Physical Society
2007 March Meeting
Denver, Colorado
John R. Laubenstein
IWPD Research Center
Naperville, Illinois
Tel: 630-428-9842
Email: [email protected]
www.iwpd.org