Download valvular heart disease

A Lecture on
Heart Diseases
Arranged by
HART Welfare Society
Presented by
H/Dr.Muhammad Abid Khan
on
17/04/2009
HUMAN HEART
Location of
Heart
in Human
Body.
EXTERIOR VIEW OF HEART
INTERIOR VIEW OF HEART
CROSS SECTION OF HEART
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
• Pulmonary
Circulation
• Systemic
Circulation
• Fetal
Circulation
HEART DEFECTS
•Congenital Heart Defect (CHD)
•Other Heart Diseases
OTHER HEART DISEASES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Types of heart disease
Coronary heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiovascular disease
Ischaemic heart disease
Heart failure
Hypertensive heart disease
Inflammatory heart disease
Valvular heart disease
CORONARY ARTERY
DISEASE
Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD) is a condition in
which plaque builds up
inside the coronary
arteries.
NORMAL CORONARY ARTERIES
PLAQUE IN CORONERY ARTERY
PLAQUE IN CORONERY ARTERY
COMPONENTS OF PLAQUE
Plaque is made up of
*Fat
*Cholesterol
*Calcium and
*Other substances found in
the blood.
CARDIOMYOPATHY
Cardiomyopathy literally means
"heart muscle disease"
(Myo= muscle, pathy= disease)
It is the deterioration of the function of
the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart
muscle) for any reason.
In cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle
becomes enlarged or abnormally thick
or rigid. In rare cases, the muscle tissue
in the heart is replaced with scar tissue.
CLASSIFICATION OF
CARDIOMYOPATHY
On the basis of primary pathology
Cardiomyopathy is divided into two classes:
1.Extrinsic cardiomyopathies –
Where the primary pathology is outside the
myocardium itself.
2.Intrinsic cardiomyopathies –
Weakness in the muscle of the heart that is
not due to an identifiable external cause.
Extrinsic Cardiomyopathies
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Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
Coronary artery disease
Congenital heart disease
Nutritional diseases affecting the heart
Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
Valvular cardiomyopathy
Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
Intrinsic Cardiomyopathies
•Dilated cardiomyopathy
•Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
•Restrictive cardiomyopathy
•Arrhythmogenic right
ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy or DCM,
also known as congestive
cardiomyopathy, is a condition in
which the heart becomes weakened
and enlarged, and cannot pump blood
efficiently. The decreased heart
function can affect the lungs, liver, and
other body systems.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
In Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,
HCM or HOCM, the heart muscle
thickens abnormally. The thickening
generally happens in the left ventricle.
This type of cardiomyopathy can affect
people of any age.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be
obstructive or nonobstructive.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
In the obstructive type, the septum thickens
and bulges into the left ventricle.
In nonobstructive type the thickened heart
muscle does not block the flow of blood
out of the ventricle. The entire ventricle
may become thicker (symmetric ventricular
hypotrophy) or it may happen only at the
bottom of the heart (apical hypertrophy).
The right ventricle also may be affected.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
In this cardiomyopathy, the ventricles
become stiff and rigid due to replacement
of the normal heart muscle with abnormal
tissue, such as scar tissue. As a result, the
ventricles cannot relax normally and
expand to fill with blood, which causes the
atria to become enlarged. Eventually, blood
flow in the heart is reduced, and
complications such as heart failure or
arrhythmias occur.
Arrhythmogenic right
ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)
It is a rare type of cardiomyopathy.
ARVD develops when the muscle tissue
in the right ventricle dies and is replaced
with scar tissue. This process causes
problems in the heart's electrical
signaling, resulting in arrhythmias.
Symptoms include a feeling of strong or
irregular heartbeats (palpitations) and
fainting after exercise.
Arrhythmogenic right
ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)
Normal Heart Tissues
Abnormal Scar Tissues
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease or
cardiovascular diseases refers to the
class of diseases that involve the heart
or blood vessels. While the term
technically refers to any disease that
affects the cardiovascular system, it is
usually used to refer to those related to
atherosclerosis.
TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
•Aneurysm
•Angina
•Atherosclerosis
•Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
•Cerebrovascular disease
•Congestive Heart Failure
•Coronary Artery Disease
•Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)
•Peripheral vascular disease
Aneurysm
An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a localized,
blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge) of a
blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of
the vessel wall.
Aneurysms most commonly occur in arteries at
the base of the brain and in the aorta (a socalled aortic aneurysm). As the size of an
aneurysm increases, there is an increased risk of
rupture, which can result in severe hemorrhage
or other complications including sudden death.
Aneurysm
Angina
Angina pectoris, commonly known as
angina, is severe chest pain due to
ischemia. Angina may feel like pressure
or squeezing in chest. The pain also may
occur in shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or
back. It can feel like indigestion.
Angina itself isn't a disease. Rather, it's a
symptom of an underlying heart problem.
Angina is usually a symptom of coronary
artery disease (CAD).
ANGINA PECTORIS
PAIN AT
FRONT
ANGINA PECTORIS
PAIN AT
BACK
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque
builds up on the insides of arteries. The flow
of oxygen-rich blood to different organs and
other parts of the body is reduced.
Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in the
body, including arteries in the heart, brain,
arms, legs, and pelvis. As a result, different
diseases may develop based on which arteries
are affected. Like:
Coronary Artery Disease, Carotid Artery
Disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease
Atherosclerosis
Cerebrovascular Accident
(Stroke)
A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of
brain function(s) due to a disturbance in
the blood supply to the brain. This can be
due to ischemia (lack of blood supply)
caused by thrombosis or embolism or due
to a hemorrhage.
Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease is a group of
brain dysfunctions related to disease of
blood vessels supplying the brain.
Sustained hypertension permanently
changes the architecture of the blood
vessels making them narrow, stiff,
deformed and uneven.
Congestive Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a condition in
which a problem with the structure or
function of the heart impairs its ability to
supply sufficient blood flow to meet the
body's needs.
Common causes of heart failure include
myocardial infarction and other forms of
ischemic heart disease, hypertension,
valvular heart disease and
cardiomyopathy.
Congestive Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD),
also called coronary heart
disease, is a condition in which
plaque builds up inside the
coronary arteries.
Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)
Myocardial infarction (MI or AMI
for acute myocardial infarction),
commonly known as a heart attack,
occurs when the blood supply to part of
the heart is interrupted causing some
heart cells to die. This is most
commonly due to occlusion (blockage)
of a coronary artery
Peripheral vascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease
(PVD), also known as peripheral
artery disease (PAD) or
peripheral artery occlusive
disease (PAOD), includes all
diseases caused by the
obstruction of large arteries in the
arms and legs.
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Ischemia means a decrease in the blood
supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part
caused by constriction or obstruction of the
blood vessels.
Ischaemic or ischemic heart disease (IHD), or
myocardial ischaemia, is a disease
characterized by reduced blood supply to the
heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery
disease
HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE
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Hypertensive heart disease is heart disease
caused by high blood pressure, especially
localised high blood pressure. Conditions
that can be caused by hypertensive heart
disease include:
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Coronary heart disease
(Congestive) heart failure
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
Cardiac arrhythmias
BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing
against the walls of the arteries as the heart
pumps out blood. If this pressure rises and
stays high over time, it can damage the
body in many ways.
Blood pressure numbers include systolic
and diastolic pressures. Systolic blood
pressure is the pressure when the heart beats
while pumping blood. Diastolic blood
pressure is the pressure when the heart is at
rest between beats.
INFLAMMATORY HEART
DISEASE
Inflammatory heart disease involves
inflammation of the heart muscle and/or
the tissue surrounding it.
Inflammatory heart diseases are:
•Endocarditis
•Inflammatory Cardiomegaly
•Myocarditis
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation
of the inner layer of the heart, the
endocardium.
•Infective Endocarditis
•Non-infective Endocarditis
Infective Endocarditis
Infective
endocarditis is a
form of
endocarditis caused
by infectious
agents. The agents
are usually
bacterial, but other
organisms can also
be responsible.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is inflammation of
the myocardium (heart muscle).
It is generally due to infection
(viral or bacterial). It may cause
chest pain, rapid signs of heart
failure or sudden death.
VALVULAR HEART
DISEASE
Heart valve disease is a condition in which
one or more heart valves don't work
properly. The heart has four valves: the
tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic
valves. These valves have tissue flaps that
open and close with each heartbeat. The
flaps make sure blood flows in the right
direction through heart's four chambers and
to the rest of body.
VALVULAR HEART
DISEASE
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Heart valves can have three basic
kinds of problems:
•Regurgitation.
•Stenosis.
•Atresia.
REGURGITATION
Regurgitation, or backflow,
occurs when a valve doesn’t
close tightly. Blood leaks back
into the chamber rather than
flowing forward through the
heart or into an artery.
STENOSIS
Stenosis occurs when the flaps of
a valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse
together. This prevents the heart
valve from fully opening, and not
enough blood flows through the
valve. Some valves can have both
stenosis and backflow problems.
ATRESIA
Atresia occurs when a heart valve
lacks an opening for blood to
pass through.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
CARDIAC DISEASES
Common symptoms of CAD are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Angina
Shortness of breath
Arrhythmia
Heart attack
Heart failure
Swelling of the abdomen, legs, ankles,
and feet
DIAGNOSES CARDIAC
DISEASES
Following measures can be taken to
diagnose a CAD
•E.C.G (ElectroCardioGram)
•Stress Testing
•Echocardiography
•Chest x-ray
•Blood Tests
•Electron-Beam Computed Tomography
•Coronary Angiography
CAUSES OF CARDIAC DISEASES
•Smoking
•High level of Fats in blood
•High level of Cholesterol in blood
•High Blood Pressure
•Diabetes
•Obesity
•Lack of physical activity
•Unhealthy diet
•Stress
Prevention from Cardiac Deseases
To prevent C.D it is necessary to:
•Control Blood Cholesterol Level
•Control Blood Pressure
•Control Diabetes
•Control Obesity
•Do Physical Activities
•Avoid Smoking & Drinking
•Manage stress
•Take healthy and balance diet.
Thank you very much
The End