Download Heart disease

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
 Definition:


CVD or Heart disease is class of disease that
involves the heart & blood vessels(arteries &
veins)
CVD includes dysfunctional conditions of the
heart, arteries & veins that supply oxygen to
vital life- sustaining areas of the body like brain,
the heart itself or other vital organs. If oxygen
doesn’t arrive the tissue or organ will die.
 Prevalence:


CVD disease remain biggest cause of death
worldwide though over the last two decades,
cardio, vascular mortality rates have declined in
many high incomes countries but have increased
at fast rate in low & middle countries.
The prevalence of CAD in urban areas in India is
4-fold higher then the overall US rates.
Those in the high socio-economic group are the
first ones to adopt an adverse life style such as
high saturated fatty acid diet, sedentary life style
& cigarette smoking.


The percentage of premature death from CVD
range from 4% in high income countries to 42% in
low income countries..
More than 17million people died from CVD in
2008 in the world.
TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
 Coronary
Heart Disease :- Refers to the
failure of the coronary circulation to supply
adequate circulation to cardiac muscle &
surrounding tissue.
Cardiomyopathy :- “Heart muscle disease”
 Extrinsic Cardiomyopathies :
Cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology
is outside the myocardium.

•
•
•
•
•
Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by
for the most common of a cardiomyopathy is
ischemia.
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Coronary artery disease
Congenital heart disease
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Valvular Cardiomyopathy
INTRINSIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES
•
•
•
•
Dilated Cardiomyopathy:- (DCM)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:- (HCM)
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular
Cardiomyopathy:- (ARVC)
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy:- (RCM)
SIX MAIN TYPES OF CVD
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ischemic Heart Disease.
Cerebrovascular Disease.
Heart Failure.
Peripheral Vascular Disease.
Hypertensive Heart Disease.
Inflammatory Heart Disease.
 Endocarditis.
 Myocarditis.
Valvular Heart Disease.
Coronary Artery Disease.
RISK FACTOR
The CVD is caused by multiple Risk Factor.
These are:• Age
• Gender
• Family history
• Cigarette smoking
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Lack of Physical activity.
• High Saturated fat, High cholesterol Diet
• Alcoholic beverage consumption
CHOLESTEROL AND LIPOPROTEIN PROFILE CLASSIFICATION
CHOLESTEROL READING CLASSI FICATION
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)
< 200
200-239
>240
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)
< 100
100-129
130-159
160-189
>190
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)
>60
<40
Triglycerides(mg/dl)
< 150
150-199
200-499
>500
Desirable
Borderline high risk
High Risk
Optimal
Near Optimal
Borderline High Risk
High Risk
Very High Risk
Optimal
Low
Normal
Borderline High Risk
High risk
Very High risk
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Angina (Chest Pain).
 Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea).
 Pain or Discomfort:
Pain or Discomfort in the arm & shoulder & jaw,
neck or feeling weak, light headache.
Syncope (Fainting).
 Reduced ability to exercise.
 Arrhythmias.
 Myocardial Infarction (MI).
 Ischemic stroke

CONT……..
CONT……..
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY(DCM)
Definition:Dilated cardiomyopathy is a
disease of the Heart Muscle,
Primarily affecting Heart’s
main Pumping chambers
(ventricle). The ventricle become enlarged & can’t
pump blood to body with as much force as a healthy
heart can.
 Dilated cardiomyopathy is a common cause of Heart
failure.
o
CAUSES OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
The causes of dilated cardiomyopathy can’t be determined
Such cases are called “Idiopathic.”
• Birth Defects
• Infections
• Drug and alcohol abuse
• Certain cancer medications
• Family history of DCM
• Inflammation of heart muscle from immune system
disorder
• Poor nutrition
• Inflammation
• Hereditary
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
These include: Arrhythmias which means irregular, fast or
slow Heart rates.
 Syncope (Fainting)
 Dyspnea (Shortness of breath)
When You are active or lying down.
 Swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles & feet
swelling or your abdomen ( ascites)
 Lack of appetite .
 Light headache, dizziness or fainting
 Pale skin
 Vague chest pain

Sudden cardiac arrest (Heart stop beating)
effectively.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Coronary artery disease is the
narrowing or blockage of the
coronary arteries usually caused
by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis
(sometimes called hardening or
clogging of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol
and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls
of the arteries.

These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart
muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing
abnormal artery tone & function.

RISK FACTORS
•
•
•
Gender (Male)
Advanced age
Family history of heart disease
Modifiable Risk Factors:-
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cigarette smoking
High blood Cholesterol
Physical Inactivity
Uncontrolled stress or anger
Diet high in saturated fat & cholesterol
Alcohol
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Angina
 Shortness of breath
 Palpitations (irregular heart beats)
 Dizziness
 Myocardial Infarction (Heart attack)

HOW TO CVD’S TREATED?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Relieve symptoms
Reduce the Risk Factors is an effort to slow stop or
reverse the build up of plaque.
Prevent complication of CVD
Life style changes.
a)
b)
•
•
•
•
•
Fallow a healthy diet
Therapeutic lifestyle changes
Be physically active
Maintain healthy weight
Quit smoking
Reduce stress
Medicine
DIETARY MANAGEMENT
Principle of Diet:Low calorie, Low fat, particularly low saturated
fat, low cholesterol, high in PUFA, Low
carbohydrates & normal protein, minerals &
vitamins are suggested. High fibre diet is also
recommended.
General Guidelines for Coronary
Heart Disease
Calories :- Sufficient to maintain body weight for
height
Total fat :- 15-30% of arteries
Cholesterol:- <300 mg/day
SFA :- <10% of total calories
PUFA:- <8% of total calories
Linoleic acid:- 3-7% of total calories
Alpha Linolenic acid:- <1% of total calories
Proteins:- 10-15% of total calories
Carbohydrates:- 55-60% with emphasis on complex
carbohydrates
Sugar:- <10% of total calories
Salt :- 5-7 g/day
Dietary Fibre:- 40g/day
Foods to be taken Foods to be restricted
Amla, bitter-guard,
Pickles, chips, canned food
Bottle-guard, brinjal
Spices & condiments such as
ketchup, sauce
Cabbage, colocasia
Cheese, peanut, cakes, pastries
Cucumber, grapes
Salted butter, frozen peas, bread
Guava, honey
Shellfish & dry fish
Whole cereals
Regular baking powder
Pumpkin, ladyfinger
Sodium bi-sulphite (aginomoto)
THANK YOU