Download Unit II

I. The Evolution of the Italian Renaissance
1. Economic growth as the basis of the Renaissance
A. geographical location
1) Venice, Genoa and Milan 1050 - 1300
2) Florence becomes major banking center by the 14th Century
B. Communes, Republics and Despots
1) Northern Italy cities win independence from nobles and become
communes (self governing)
2) Nobles in general begin to move into cities because they have lost
wealth and status while merchants have increased in wealth
a. marriages of opportunity- title for money
3) five major city-states
a. Milan
b. Florence
c. Venice
e. Papal States
f. Naples
* map page
4) requirements to be a citizen lead to stratification
a. grandi
b. popolo grandi
c. middle class burghers, guild masters, shop owners
d. popolo minuto
i. stratification leads to conflict and social unrest
ii. Ciompi Revolt (Florence)
C. The balance of Power among Italian City-States
1) local city patriotism and constant economic & political competition among cities
prevents greater unification and centralization
2) constant external conflict and growing internal unrest leads to the reliance on
strong autocratic rulers and external political representation
a. despots and diplomats
i. Ciompi Revolt in Florence opens the door for Cosimo de Medici
- Signoria- represent major guild interest
ii. Lorenzo de Medici
- represent despotic rule through the manipulation of power
and economics (Office of Public Debt)
iii. other city-state tools- podesta (hired despot)
- condottieri
iv. the need to maintain the balance of power among city-states and
limit destructive wars leads to the creation of modern diplomacy
3) missteps:
a. 1494 Milan invites Charles VIII to help settle dispute against Naples
i. invasion occurs- French claims and desires for Italy
b. France, Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor fight in Italy for control
i. League of Venice- Sicily and others join forces to counter the French
ii. Borgia family aims and the papal throne
iii. Julius II unites and defeats France sort of...Concordat of Bologna
-Habsburg-Valois Wars (4)
c. 1527 Charles V (HRE) sacks Rome
i. considered to mark the end of the Renaissance
4) Niccolo Machiavelli
a. 1513 the Prince
i. a response to the warfare and lack of Italian city-states ability to
stop it
- virtu
- amoral vs. moral
- tyrants/despots vs. republics
II. Intellectual Hallmarks of the Renaissance
1. Individualism
A. role and effect of money
B. role of the black death
C. role of decentralization and city-state
2. Humanism
A. revival of interest in archeology, recovery of ancient manuscripts, rhetoric and Latin classics
B. the study of the classics became known as humanism
1) grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics and moral philosophy
a. studia humanitatis
C. humanists studied the classics not to find God but to
better understand human nature and encourage the living
of a moral life and put things in historical context
1) not all humanist or for or against god
D. tended to write in the vernacular to spread knowledge and promote discussion
1) Florence origins
2) tended to be teachers or involved in courts at first
E. humanist derided medieval churchmen for trying to
improperly manipulate history for their own benefit
1) Lorenzo Valla- Donaton of Constantine
a. critique of corruption
F. Humanists Leaders
1) Petrarch- "father of humanism" Letters to the
Ancient Dead, Africa, Lives of Illustrious Men, Sonnets
a. secular bend to his focus and writings
b. critical of Scholastics
i. who were the Scholastics
2) Dante- Divine Comedy, Vita Nuova
a. strong blend of faith and use of classics to
promote Christian values
3) Boccacio- Decameron
a. secular focus using common folks to criticize ranking people
and institutions
G. Goals: to study the past in an applicable manner to help better today's environment
1) Vergerio- On the Morals That Befit a Free Man
2) Quiltilian- Education of the Orator
3) Feltre- restructured education curriculum, the Renaissance man ideal
4) Castiglione- Book of the Courtier
5) de Pisan- The Treasure of the City Ladies
H. Platonism- the process of fusion of learning and civic humanism (applicable)
1) rebirth of Greek studies
2) Florentine Platonic Academy
a. Cosimo Medici sponsor
3) eternal world of being vs. perishable world of living
a. humans can brindge the gap
I. the role of the Renaissance philosophy on the Church
J. Humanists vs. Scholastics
III. Art & the Artist
1. Art & Power
A. in the early Renaissance, corporate groups such as guilds
sponsored religious art
1) why?
2) what are characteristics of art that would generate
patronage?
B. by the late fifteenth century individual princes, merchants
and bankers sponsored art
1) why?
C. the Catholic Church remained one of the largest patrons of artists
during the Renaissance
1) what purposes did great art serve for the Church?
a.
b.
c.
D. Classical themes, individual portraits, and realistic style characterized
Renaissance art
E. Renaissance artists invented perspective and portrayed the human body
in a more natural and scientific manner than previous artist did
1) artistic license vs. control
2) church laws and views
2. The status of the artist
A. medieval vs. Renaissance views
1) medieval
2) Renaissance
B. social status of artists
1) fluctuated
C. Renaissance Man & Artist Genius
D. elitism
IV. High Renaissance
1. late fifteenth & sixteenth century
2. characteristics
A. based on observation
B. revealed human emotion
C. proportion and perspective
D. reflects idea of harmony, humanity and nature
1) idealized
3. new technical skills/materials
A. oil paints- new materials
B. chiaroscuro- shadowing
C. linear perspective- new technique
4. Major Artists- Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Donatello, Giotto*
V. Social Change
1. The Printed Word
A. 1455 German city of Mainz, Johan Gutenburg invents moveable type
1) moveable type vs. wood block
B. paper production had reached Europe from China
1) paper vs. vellum
C. results
2. Clocks
A. commerce needs structure
B. mid-fourteenth century clocks widespread
C. adds to scientific experimentation and observation of the universe
1) effect on religion?
3. Women and Work
A. early modern culture identifies women with marriage and domestic
virtues Renaissance begins to change that
1) Christine de Pisan
B. women become involved in all economic activity connected with care
and nurturing the family
C. increased presence in the workplace
D. despite wealth and presence in the workforce (limited) women still
excluded from public arena (politics, church-- power making)
4. culture and sexuality
A. women's overall place in culture and realm of love and sex
declines during hte Renaissance
1) double standard created by Castiglione- the loyal wife is expected the cheating
husband is excused as long as observance to all other areas of the household
are maintained
B. rape not seen or prosecuted as a serious crime
1) reflects the second class status of women in society and the
legal system
C. documentation of homosexual relations relatively well recorded
due to laws in Florence in particular of laws against "sodomy"
1) role of the Church
2) what is the purpose of laws
5. Slavery and Ethnicity
A. Slavs, Tartar, Greek and Hungarian slaves imported to Western
Europe
1) helps create the stereotype of Eastern Europe being less Enlightened
B. start of fifteenth century Portuguese begin to bring African slaves
into Europe
1) the "curious" highly valued by the wealthy (midgets/giants)
2) economic motives and opportunities trump cultural/ethnic/racial hostility by
Africans
a. profit=profit=strength
VI. The Art
1. style
2. new innovations
3. new mediums
4. compared to art of the Middle Ages
VII. Rise/Revival of the Monarchy
1. post-1450 shift to unified monarchy
A. nobles, parliaments and representative bodies still present but subsumed by central figure
1) representative bodies respectively
a. England- parliament
b. France- estates general
c. Spain- cortes
- 100 Years War/Great Schism limit their power
2. monarchs gain more autonomy by aligning with wealthy towns and families over nobles
A. undermines traditions of feudalism and forms sovereign state bonds
1) powers that belong to the state/sovereign
a. taxation
b. war
c. making laws
d. law enforcement
B. growing philosophical support for sovereign rights
1) Padua
2) Machiavelli
C. structure now relies on civil servants-- people working for the central gov't
1) England- justices of the peace
2) Spain- corregidores
3) France- baliffs
D. standing armies
1) cavalry replaced by more infantry and artillary
2) mercenaries- professional soldiers (respected)
3) prompts need for new methods of revenue
a. France- gabelle (salt tax), taille
b. Spain- alcabala (commercial tax)
c. direct taxes (peasant tax)
d. bank loans
3. By country
A. France
1) Charles VII- first modern monarch with central power
a. Jacques Coeur- economic minister (early)
2) rise of France based on:
a. end of English control
b. defeat of Burgundy (Charles the Bold) at Nancy
c. land split between Habsburg (Maximillian I)
3) Louis XI
a. creates strong country-- post service anyone
B. Spain
1) Isabella (Castille) and Ferdinand (Aragon) married and unified the lands
sort of
a. together but apart-- laws, coinage, armies and taxation
2) good economic basis
a. sheep farming and the mesta (central gov't controlled economy)
3) social stability and expansion
a. expulsion of the Moors (Granada 1482-1492)
b. hermandad support
c. Navarre 1512
d. Naples 1504
e. the Inquisition 1479
i. Tomas de Torquemada
ii. conversos (converted Jews)
- 1492 expulsion
iii. moriscos (Muslims)
- 1502 expulsion
4) stability fosters overseas exploration
C, England
1) War of the Roses
a. York (White Rose) vs. Lancaster (Red Rose)
i. basically a civil war where Henry Tudor defeats Richard III in
1485 on Bosworth Field
ii. Henry becomes Henry VII (start of Tudor dynasty) marries
Elizabeth of York to end conflict
- prime example of soft power and role of marriage
2) stabilization of society
a. Court of the Star Chamber- equitable justice system
D. Holy Roman Empire
1) difficult to create a central gov't because of the fierce independence of the
many nobles/princes-- in part due to inheritance rights
2) shared desire for order (law) but not national unity
a. Golden Bull 1356
i. seven member electoral college to appoint the Emperor
ii. no real central authority but sollective effort to maximize order
- reichstag
b. 1495 Assembly of Worms
i. no private wars
ii. Supreme Court of Justice-- regualtion of internal peace
iii. Council of Regency- coordination in imperial and internal policy
3) allows this area to be the breeding ground of the Reformation
VIII. Northern Humanism
1. began to break from the Italian Humanist and develop their own areas of focus with a major focus in
religious reform
A. Brothers of the common Life
B. diversity
C. true focus on secularization of religious text
1) role of the printing press
a. literacy will free you from suffering and bondage, it's true...go read about it
2. Erasmus
A. major religious reformer...Luther will hatch his egg
1) life long Catholic who wants to reform the church for its own good from the inside
B. ideas
1) fusion of ideas of humanity and virtue with Christian ideas of love and piety
a. celebration of Christ's life by living in the same manner he didphilosophia Christi
b. challenges the dogmatic, ceremonial practices of the church
c. anti-Scholastic
2) to help spread his ideas he translates a Greek edition of the new Testament and
translates it into German
a. these become tools for future reformers and placed on the Index of
Forbidden Books by the Catholic Church
C. influences
1) Thomas More (England)...Utopia
3. Reuchlin affair and Letters of Obscure Men help Martin Luther
VII. Rise/Revival of the Monarchy
1. post-1450 shift to unified monarchy
A. nobles, parliaments and representative bodies still present but subsumed by central figure
1) representative bodies respectively
a. England- parliament
b. France- estates general
c. Spain- cortes
- 100 Years War/Great Schism limit their power
2. monarchs gain more autonomy by aligning with wealthy towns and families over nobles
A. undermines traditions of feudalism and forms sovereign state bonds
1) powers that belong to the state/sovereign
a. taxation
b. war
c. making laws
d. law enforcement
B. growing philosophical support for sovereign rights
1) Padua
2) Machiavelli
C. structure now relies on civil servants-- people working for the central gov't
1) England- justices of the peace
2) Spain- corregidores
3) France- baliffs
D. standing armies
1) cavalry replaced by more infantry and artillary
2) mercenaries- professional soldiers (respected)
3) prompts need for new methods of revenue
a. France- gabelle (salt tax), taille
b. Spain- alcabala (commercial tax)
c. direct taxes (peasant tax)
d. bank loans
3. By country
A. France
1) Charles VII- first modern monarch with central power
a. Jacques Coeur- economic minister (early)
2) rise of France based on:
a. end of English control
b. defeat of Burgundy (Charles the Bold) at Nancy
c. land split between Habsburg (Maximillian I)
3) Louis XI
a. creates strong country-- post service anyone
B. Spain
1) Isabella (Castille) and Ferdinand (Aragon) married and unified the lands
sort of
a. together but apart-- laws, coinage, armies and taxation
2) good economic basis
a. sheep farming and the mesta (central gov't controlled economy)
3) social stability and expansion
a. expulsion of the Moors (Granada 1482-1492)
b. hermandad support
c. Navarre 1512
d. Naples 1504
e. the Inquisition 1479
i. Tomas de Torquemada
ii. conversos (converted Jews)
- 1492 expulsion
iii. moriscos (Muslims)
- 1502 expulsion
4) stability fosters overseas exploration
C, England
1) War of the Roses
a. York (White Rose) vs. Lancaster (Red Rose)
i. basically a civil war where Henry Tudor defeats Richard III in
1485 on Bosworth Field
ii. Henry becomes Henry VII (start of Tudor dynasty) marries
Elizabeth of York to end conflict
- prime example of soft power and role of marriage
2) stabilization of society
a. Court of the Star Chamber- equitable justice system
D. Holy Roman Empire
1) difficult to create a central gov't because of the fierce independence of the
many nobles/princes-- in part due to inheritance rights
2) shared desire for order (law) but not national unity
a. Golden Bull 1356
i. seven member electoral college to appoint the Emperor
ii. no real central authority but collective effort to maximize order
- reichstag
b. 1495 Assembly of Worms
i. no private wars
ii. Supreme Court of Justice-- regulation of internal peace
iii. Council of Regency- coordination in imperial and internal policy
3) allows this area to be the breeding ground of the Reformation
IX. Exploration
1. impact of the Crusades
A. motivating factors
1) 3 G's
a. God
b. Gold
c. Glory
2. Early explorers
A. Portugal
1) African coast
2) trading post
3) goals
B. Spain
1) Columbus- the most celebrated failure
2) Magellan
3) change in goals-- exploration to empire
a. Columbia Exchange
3. Indigenous Cultures
A. Aztecs & Cortes
B. Incas & Pizarro
4. New Economic Models for the New World
A. 3 components: mining, agriculture and shipping
1) mining: hard specie
a. Potosi
i. quinto
b. extractive in nature
2) agriculture: cash crops
a. encomienda- formal grant of labor
b. repartimiento (mita)- labor tax (time)
c. debt peonage- workers who owe
5. Treaty of Tordesillas
Chapter 11- The Reformation
X. The Reformation
1. Condition of the Church (1400-1517)
A. Signs of disorder
1) clerical immorality- priests frequently violated laws of celibacy,
and accusations of drunkenness, gambling and other vices were rampant
a. image vs. reality
2) clerical ignorance- despite position of superiority they were
largely illiterate
3) clerical absenteeism- higher level church officials were often
absent from their sees and held more than one office because of
their wealth and desire for more power
a. benefices
b. extreme examples of Italian officials in Rome holding
offices in Germany, France and England
4) aristocratic church officials vs. image and message of Christ
B. signs of vitality
1) Brethren of the Common Life- Holland
2) church attendance remains high
3) Pope Julius II ecumenical council for Church reform (15121517)
XI. Martin Luther and the birth of Protestantism
1. Luther's Early Years
A. humanist education, law student who drops out after a divine intervention
B. joins an Augustinian monastery and becomes very devout in the practices
of fasting, prayer, pilgrimage and confession
C. lack of spiritual comfort and fulfillment through religious routine
coupled with his already extensive educational background leads to him
pursuing a doctorate in theology
D. begins to develop the idea of "justification through faith alone"
and become critical of some of some church practices
2. The 95 Theses
A. Tetzel, a church official, had been sent out to sell indulgences to raise money for St. Peter's
Basilica
1) other practices to raise money for the church
a. special tax on priests who kept mistresses
b. tax on brothels
2) indulgences provided absolution for the sins of the departed initially
but also became to be purchased in advance of sins to be committed
B. Luther wrote to the Archbishop of Mainz and challenged the sale of indulgences
1) "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences"
2) posted on the door of All Saints church in Wittenburg on October 31, 1517
a. credited with starting the Protestant Reformation
3) initially this was a theological argument by Luther not an attempt to
break with or destroy the church
C. Luther's actions coincided with the growing popular disgust with church practices and
an increasing Humanists movement that was generally enhancing the education and
awareness of average citizens
1) Wycliffe & Huss (remember)
2) this coupled with the secular rulers wish to increase their own power by
weakening the church's and Luther's actions become a powerful weapon of
division
D. the spilt between Luther and the Church become solidified when in 1519 the Debate at
Leipzig takes place and he challenges Leo X and all Pope
1) this was an ongoing theological debate that had taken place for years but at Leipzig
Luther states:
a. the pope is not infallible
b. challenges the correctness of church councils
c. states the idea that it is only Scripture that is pure
i. which copy?
d. defended John Huss and his ideas
2) Leo X responds with the papal bull Exsurge Domine and gives Luther 30 days
to recant and then on Jan 3, 1521 in the bull Decet Pontificem Romanum
Luther is excommunicated
3) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther an outlaw and tries to capture
him but the Duke Frederick of Saxony protects and shelters him
4) Ulrich Zwingli, a Swiss priest, picks up the call for reform and focuses on the
importance of individual interpretation and reading of the Bible to build the
personal relationship
XII. So What...? The Presence and Power of the Church
1. What does it mean?
2. Who is in control?
3. What might happen?
4. What about the people?
XIII. Early Protestant Thought
1. Luther maintained that:
A. grace alone saves people
B. religious authority resides in scripture alone NOT Church teaching
C. the Church is the WHOLE community NOT just the clergy (us & them)
D. all vocations are equally holy
E. emphasis on the whole church (everyone) not just the hierarchy
F. only three not seven sacraments (penance, baptism and the Eucharist)
G. argued for consubstantiation (presence but not actual change) which
challenged transubstantiation
1) Zwingli vs. Luther-- symbolic vs. actual interpretation
2) Calvin sides with Luther
2. While Luther is the catalyst of the Reformation he is formed out of humanist ideas of Erasmus
XIV. After the First Fracture ...The Rest Tumbles
1. Calvinism- John Calvin
A. by 1555 Calvinism becomes the most important new form of
Protestantism
1) predestination and social restructuring
a. external manifestation of internal piety
b. fatalism vs. resolution
B. 1534 John Calvin experiences a conversion that leads to him
giving up all of his religiously based wealth
1) Calvinism begins to become a movement in the area of the
German states
2. Geneva 1520s experience a political revolt that overthrows the local
prince-bishop
A. 1534 Farel and Fremont...1536 success
B. 1536 Calvin arrives and articles of governance are drawn up
1) destiny of the persecuted and hunted
C. new rules for the Church- cleansing the Catholic presence
D. 1537 too much too fast moderate road leads to Calvin hitting the road
1) Calvin goes to Strasbourg Institutes of the Christian Religion
a. Luther with the definitive criticism Calvin with the definitive
explanation
E. 1540 Calvin returns to a more favorable religious and political climate
1) new structure- i. pastors (5) ii. teachers/doctors iii. elders (12) iiii. deacons
2) the consistory-- regulatory court
a. 1542-1546 58 "heretics" burned at the stake
b. 1553 Michael Servetus burned for denying the Trinity
i. antitrinitarians (TBD)
F. religious enlightenment and belief DOES NOT EQUAL toleration
3. Zwingli & The Swiss Reformation
A. 13 autonomous cantons (states)
1) internal problems
a. growth of national sentiment
against mercenary service
b. continuing desire for church
reform present since the Councils of
Constance and Basel
c. *what do Germany and Switzerland
have in common and why is
it so important to the Reformation?
B. Ulrich Zwingli humanist and chaplin to the military
1) 1518 outspoken critic of the Catholic church
2) 1519 becomes "peoples priest" of Zurich
a. pushes the idea of clergy being able to marry
b. Zwingli's scripture test...is it written?
C. similar aspects between Luther & Zwingli lead to the Marburg Colloquy
1) symbolic vs actual presence/meaning in the Eucharist leads to
irreconcilable break
D. religious conflict w/in Swiss cantons
1) protestant vs. catholic
a. Kappel 1529 & 1531
b. treaty allows for coexistence
c. eventually merges with Calvinism
4. Anabaptists
A. ancestors of the Mennonites and Amish
B. believed that everything was moving both too slow and was not
extreme enough
C. major differences:
1) adult baptism
2) religious tolerantion
3) separation of church and state
4) shared property among members
5) female ministers
6) refusal to swear oaths
7) refusal to participate in gov't
D. ALL religions saw separation of church and
state as leading to a secular
society that was against God and
therefore persecuted the Anabaptists
E. origins: 1523 Conrad Grebel ad Zwingli argue
in Zurich over pace of
reform
F. 1534-35 Munster the extreme w. polygamy too
5. but wait, there's more...
A Spiritualists...individualism to an extreme
B. Antitrinitarians...guess
XV. Taking A Step Backwards...Again
1. politics and the state in the Renaissance
A. monarchs began to exercise new powers and become reliant on new
sources of wealth (urban wealth) in their new centralization effort
1) this gives rise to the idea of a "strong king"
a. support in part by Machiavelli's political ideas
B. In France Charles VII makes major steps in what becomes the template
for new rulers wishing to centralize power
1) permanent central army
2) new set taxation system including collection
a. becomes a major backbone of independence
3) increase in middle-class representation
4) asserts his power over church power to appoint bishops
a. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
C. Charles son Louis XI continues the trend
1) fostered artisan industry
2) taxed new industry
3) used taxes to build a bigger army
4) uses the military power to help bring more land under his control
D. In England Edward VI ends the War of the Roses
1) War of the Roses thumbnail
2) Henry VII-- Star Chamber, centralized rule
E. Spain is a collection of divided kingdoms but in 1469 Ferdinand
(Aragon) and Isabella (Castille) marry
1) there is constitutional separation of powers w/ regard to laws,
armies, coinage & taxation
2) however, the combined strength of these two plus a shared
vision allows them to
a. internally stabilize their realms
b. secure their borders
c. begin external military exploits (colonization)
d. Christianize all of Spain
i. 1482-1492 expulsion of the Moors
-changes historical tolerance
-state controlled church in support of national
unity
-anti-semitism and use of the Inquisition
(conversos, Moriscos)
ii. control Naples
iii. conquer Navarre
e. Hermandad support
f. marriages of alliance
2. overall the growth of secular power comes at the expense of church control
leading to a new way of competing countries to look at gov't structure
XVI. Reformation Conflicts
Germany
1. Germany and the Protestant Reformation
A. 1519 Charles V becomes the Emperor of the holy Roman Empire
1.to gain support (The Golden Bull 1356)) he promises the German
princes that he will revive:
a. Imperial Supreme Court
b. Council of Regency
2.1521 Diet of Worms- Luther refuses to recant
A. Luther gains protection from Frederick of Saxony
3. 1521-1559 Charles V (as head of Spain and HRE) fights France over Italian
territories-- the need for allies forces Charles to allow each individual
province to enforce the Edict of Worms
A. unintended territorial sovereignty over religious matters
1) practical secular issues over religious
4. 1524-25 Peasants revolt
5. Diet of Augsburg- attempt at closing the divisions using centralized power
of the emperor- no centralized power, DoW has undermined that
right
6. 1531 Lutheran leaning provinces form the Schmalkaldic League
A. Schmalkaldic Articles
1) 1547 imperial armies defeat the League capture Frederick
2) pyrrhic victory- Maurice ,defeat, 1552 Pace of Passau, 1555 PoA
England
1.more of a basic history in resisting the powers of the Catholic Church
A. Lollards
B. Edward I vs boniface VIII
C. Statutes of Provisors and Praemunire
D. humanism
E. distance
2. King Henry VIII & Thomas More
A. initially defenders of the church, recognized by Leo X
3. reality of successor
A. Henry and Catherine of Aragon 1509
1) daughter is Mary
2) sexist ideology
B. 1529 Reformation Parliament
1) 1531 Convocation
2) 1532 official grievances
a. Submission of the Clergy
3) 1534 Act of Succession & Act of Supremacy
a. Thomas More
4) seizure of church land
4. attitudes towards religion and successors
A. religion- whatever (Ten Articles 1536 Six Articles of 1539)
B. irony- it's your genetic marker dude!
5. Edward VI & Mary- Act of Uniformity of 1549 and 1552