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Transcript
Semester II (2010-11) Introduction: Chapter 1 IS- 341 Homepage: http://sites.google.com/site/pnuis341/ Visit the web page for schedule, lecture notes, tutorials, assignment, grading, office hours, etc. Textbook: S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall, 2003, Second Edition 2 Outline Course overview What is AI? A brief history What AI can do today ? 3 Intelligence? What do you believe what intelligence is? Is it intelligent to think like a human? Is it intelligent to act like a human? Is “human” equivalent to “intelligent”? Intelligence = Knowledge + feel, understand, process, communicate, judge, and learn Characteristics of Intelligence ‰ Ability to Communicate ‰ Internal Knowledge ‰ Ability to Learn ‰ Self Awareness 4 Artificial Intelligence Tasks Problem Solving Find a solution to a given problem Find the shortest route from KFUPM to PNU Assign pilots to flights so that costs are minimized Devise a plan to get an A+ in IS 341 Reasoning Express your knowledge and derive hypotheses Proof mathematical theorems Make “justifiable” decisions in uncertain environments 5 Artificial Intelligence Tasks Learning Adjust an internal representation so that it is in accordance with observations made Revise Newton’s idea of space and time after observing that light travels at a constant speed Interaction Communicate Understand spoken language Perceive Look at a photo an identify Trinity Act 6 AI in Action !! Applications of AI 7 Acting humanly: Turing Test Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence": "Can machines think?" "Can machines behave intelligently?" Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning 8 AI prehistory Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability Economics utility, decision theory Psychology phenomena of perception experimental techniques Computer building and motor fast control, computers engineering Control theory design systems function over time that maximize an objective 9 Abridged history of AI 1943 1950 1956 1952—69 1950s 1965 1966—73 1969—79 1980-1986-1987-1995-- McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted Look, Ma, no hands! Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning AI discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears Early development of knowledge-based systems AI becomes an industry Neural networks return to popularity AI becomes a science The emergence of intelligent agents 10 What AI Systems can do today? Planning: DARPA's DART system used in Desert Storm and Desert Shield operations to plan logistics of people and supplies. European space agency planning and scheduling of spacecraft assembly, integration and verification. Speech Recognition: Computer Vision: Face recognition programs government, etc. Handwriting recognition. in use by banks, 11 What AI Systems can do today? Game Playing: Computer programs beat world’s best players in chess e.g Deep Blue by IBM Playing “Jeopardy” – question answering 12