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Sui and Tang Dynasty Notes Sui dynasty • Before Tang dynasty • Brief, successful • Set groundwork for Tang • Brought China together China before Sui • Collapsed into north, south • When divided, open to invasion • Western tribes, others: raided, did damage Sui • Understood that unified China could resist invasion • Took command Emperor Wendi • Organized, centralized government • Realized need for effective bureaucracy to run empire Reforms • Bureaucratic: officials reported to central government • Grand Canal: 100s of miles of canals—linked China Conquest • Tried to conquer Vietnam, Turkistan, Mongolia • Required more taxes, led to revolts End of Sui • Emperor Yang Di assassinated • 618: leader of revolt established Tang dynasty Taizong • Dynamic, ruthless Chinese emperor • Outstanding military commander • Great governor, flexible Taizong's policies • Recognized need for own cavalry • Brought in Zhongguo to become more Chinese • Pushed Confucian doctrine, literary traditions • Wanted able scholars as government ministers • Made Vietnam, Tibet, Korea tributary states Capital city: Changan • 8th–9th centuries CE: biggest in world at time • Had Persian, Arab, Jewish, Greek communities • Japanese, Koreans came to study law, art Land reforms • Landed estates of nobility broken up • Peasants given ownership of land, taxed directly Taizong • Required money for wars, building projects • Benefactor of cultural growth: entertained poetry, art Tang Culture Tang dynasty: Art • Artists, poets: wrote, painted with brushes • Brushwork defined scholars, artists, poets • 2,000 identified poets, 49,000 known works Wu Daozi • Worked in iron wire line: distinctive artistic style • Used creativity to vary thickness of ink • Known for fluidity, rapid hand movement • Work gained 3-dimensional look: orchid petal line • Thought of as genius, magical Jadework • Chinese started to work with jade • Jade: material with distinctive green effect Landscape art • Based on Daoist urge to understand nature • Images of land, trees • Contemplative, peaceful Inventions • Timepieces, clocks • Manufacturing of paper • Porcelain, flatware • Gunpowder • 1st printed book: Diamond Sutra (868 CE) Religion • Blended Daoism, Confucianism, Buddhism • Tang: tolerant of all traditions Confucian ideals • Being dutiful, fulfilling family obligations • Working hard, being honest • Being in the world Daoist beliefs • Retreat from the world into nature • Could have shrine, use meditation Buddhism • About the next world: what happens after death? • Asks people to be well-behaved, good Tang Centralization and Decline Tang dynasty • Promoted culture • Brought together Daoism, Confucianism, Buddhism • Had problems after founder Taizong’s death Problems of dynasty • Usually established by 1 dynamic individual • Within few generations: tend to have weaker leaders Tang reforms • Instituted to unify state, strengthen government • Created departments for efficient bureaucracy • Made it easier to collect taxes, recruit troops Food production, storage • Brought back faster-ripening rice • More food = population growth • Created greater storage ability • Could feed people in famine Taizong: Military leader • Put together state that could survive invasions • Reorganized military, created cavalry Land reform • Landed estates broken up • Peasants controlled land, had to pay taxes Civil service exam • Based on Confucian doctrines, literature • Men could enter civil service, move up Rural Chinese • Lived in small villages • Most of life communal experience • Village leader consulted with council of elders Empress Wu • Moved quickly to seize power after emperor died • Pushed other heirs out of the way • Executed anyone seen as threat • Ran military campaigns, conquered Korea End of Tang • Conquest, construction, taxes led to unhappiness • 755 CE: general led rebellion • By 907 CE: last Tang emperor killed • Tang replaced by Song dynasty Switching of dynasties • Caused chaos, military destruction • Not a disaster: change of government MLA Citation "Outline." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, ABC-CLIO, 2016, ancienthistory.abcclio.com/Topics/Display/1185626?cid=142&sid=1913371. Accessed 14 Nov. 2016.