Download CHAPTER 14 New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

Emergence of a New World
1500 - 1800
NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE
CREATION OF A WORLD
MARKET
Ch. 14
General Focus Questions
• How did Portugal and Span acquire their
overseas empires, and how did their methods
differ?
• What were some of the consequences of the
arrival of the European traders and missionaries
for the peoples of Asia and the Americas?
• What were the main features of the African
Slave trade and what effects did European
participation have on traditional African
practices?
General Identifications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Columbian Exchange
Factors of European Domination
Islam & Spice Trade/Malacca
Paramesvara & Converso
Malian Empire & Mansa Musa
Alfonso de Albuquerque/Malacca
Vasco de Gama/Prince Henry/ Africa
Spanish/Americas
Bull Romanus Pontifex/Bull intercaeterus
Context
• 16th – 18th C several factors contributed to
creating the conditions of our time:
• Extension of Maritime Trade
– The Chinese in East Africa
– Portuguese and Spanish in Africa & the
Americas
• Emergence of a global economic network
• Rise of European Capitalism
Columbian Exchange: Why is the age of
Columbus a crucial period in world History?
• Marked the end of isolation of the western
hemisphere
• Creation of first global network
– Transmission of commodities, ideas, plants,
diseases
– Increased trade & manufacturing
• Major economic changes in Europe
• The west emerged as the dominant world
power
What factors allowed Europeans to
Dominate?
• Technology
– Improvements in Navigation, Ship building,
Weaponry
• Based on earlier achievements of china, India and
the middle east
• Desire for unfettered economic gain
• Religious Zeal, political conflict between
Christendom & Islam
• Europe’s Political stability, sources of
Capital & modernizing elite
Islam and the Spice Trade
Asia and Africa
• Focus Question:
– Where were the early centers of trade and
influence between the 13th and 16th Centuries
– How did Muslim Merchants expand the world
trade network in the late 1400s?
• Identifications:
– Malacca
– Malian Empire & Mansa Musa
– Songhai Kingdom & Sunni Ali
•13th C Muslims established
trade in Sumatra and Java
•14th C Muslim merchants
monopolized the spice trade
The Strait of
Malacca
•15th C The Sultanate
Paramesvara established
operations at Malacca to
expand trade and influence
•Vassal of China under
Ming Dynasty (Zenghe)
•Converso (Islam)
•16th C Malacca was the
leading economic power in the
region
• Spread of Islam
•South East Asia
Malian Empire 14th -15th C
• Early Islamic Influence in West Africa
• Malian Empire under Mansa Musa
• 14th C Musa made Haj to Mecca
– Islamic Merchants transmitted
•
•
•
•
Islamic values
Political culture
Legal traditions
Trade items
– Continued to expand into west Africa
Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
1. One of the keys to the trans-Saharan trade was Carthage, established about 813 B.C.E. in North Africa by Phoenicia. Carthage did not directly
carry out the African trade but used the nomadic Berbers as intermediaries. Utilizing camels that were domesticated sometime at the beginning of
the Christian era, the traders could move about 500 pounds for each animal and travel around twenty-five miles a day. Merchants usually walked and
guided the animals. Travel, which could last three months, was predominantly at night since the desert day temperatures reached well over a
hundred degrees while the low at night would be in the twenties. One caravan in the fourteenth century reportedly contained 12,000 camels. After
about the fifth century the Berbers adapted the saddle for the camel thereby giving them powerful political and military advantage, especially in
controlling the trade routes.
2. Ancient trade routes included trans-Saharan links between North Africa and the Nile River. There was also an ancient route connecting the Nile
and Niger Rivers. Since at least 130 B.C.E West Africa shipped north and east gold, precious stones, cola nuts, slaves, and wild animals. In turn,
horses, cattle, millet, leather, cloth, and weapons came from the north.
3. One of the most important areas of West Africa was Ghana with its capital at Saleh, a city of 15,000-20,000 by the twelfth century. Emerging in
the fifth century C.E. north of the Senegal and Niger Rivers, it was located near one of the richest gold producing areas in Africa. The gold was
procured from neighboring people and transported to Marrakech and Morocco where it was distributed to the northern world. Ghana also exported
to the Mediterranean ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, leather goods, and ultimately slaves. In 992 Ghana captured the Berber town of Awdaghast
which gave it control of the southern portion of the major trans-Saharan trade routes. By the thirteenth century, Ghana was destroyed and in its
place grew several states including Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Hausa. Mali extended from the Atlantic coast to the Niger River.
Timbuktu was not only one of the main trading centers from which gold was traded to build the power of wealth of Mali but also by the fifteenth
century had developed into a great center of scholarship and learning. Songhai, at the eastern end of the Niger, was under Mali's control until 1375.
By the late fifteenth century Songhai dominated the entire upper Niger and had captured Timbuktu. Under Songhai the trans-Saharan trade
reached its height focusing on gold and other commodities of West Africa such as slaves and ivory. At the end of the sixteenth century Songhai
collapsed. The fourth significant state was Kanem-Bornu near Lake Chad. Kanem from 1100 to 1500 controlled the trade routes north to the
Mediterranean and east to the Nile. In the fifteenth century power shifted to Bornu.
Question:
1. What was the relationship between the growth of empire and trade?
14
The Songhai Kingdom, 15th C
• Sunni Ali 1464 – 1492
forged new Empire
– Restored influence of trading
centers
• Jenne and Timbuktu
– system of provincial
administration
– Extended boundaries, by
mid 1500’s dominated
Central Sudan
•.
The Songhai Empire
African Empires
• 16th C Kingdom of Songhai dominated
most of western Africa
– Under Muslim rule city of Tombouctou in
modern day Mali
– Great commercial center & cultural center
– Major university
– Declined in 1591 with Morocan forces seizing
the city and taking control of the gold trade
• Great Sankore
mosque
– Library
– University
– Scholars, Jurists,
Theologians
– Book symbolized the
Islamic world
• Book trade, most
lucrative
Business in Timbuktu
Timbuktu
The Portuguese Maritime
Empire
• Focus Question:
– Why were the Portuguese so successful in
taking over the spice Trade?
• Identifications:
– God, Glory and Gold
Vasco De Gama
– Crusading Mentality Alfonso de Albuquerque
– Technological Exchange
– Prince Henry
Institutions of Conquest
– Gold Coast
“God, Glory and Gold”
• Motives for European Exploration
– Rise of Capitalism in Europe
– Sought precious metals, spices and spheres
of influence for trade
– Conversions (justification?)
• Crusading mentality
– Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and Hernan
Cortes of Spain
Crusades & Crusading Mentality
• 1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial
interest
• 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian
King
– Muslim Contributions to Europe
• science, arts and letters
• Cordoba, Spain – intellectual showplace from
which knowledge & ideas flowed into christian
lands
Crusades
• Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning
600-700 years of struggle
– Crusades – series of military campaigns
waged by Christians
– Castilian way of life, Class of warrior nobles
– Land & Labor
– Crusading Mentality
•
•
•
•
Valued war
Valued accumulated wealth
Sense of Religious superiority
Sense of Religious Mission
Crusades Mentality
• Crusades Mentality
– Begin to identify expansion with conquest of
peoples rather than trade
– Led exploration over seas
– formed the rationalization for conquest and
invaders assumed an innate and absolute
superiority over all other people because of
divine endowment
– Religion – tool of conquest
Technological Exchange allowed
for European travel
• 1. New Map technology
– Cartography: 15th C took into account the
curvature of the earth
– Portolani: detailed charts made buy medieval navigators
and mathematicians, 13th/14th C
2. Sea worthy Ships or Caravels
•Sternpost Rudder (Chinese)
•Lateen Sails with a square rig
© The Art Archive/Museo de la Torre del Oro, Seville/Gianni Dagli Orti
3. Navigational techniques
• Compass (Chinese),
• Astrolabe (Arab),
• Knowledge of Wind Patterns
© The Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Gianni Dagli Orti
Portuguese in Africa
• Led European expansion in Africa
–Prince Henry of Portugal
–His Objectives:
• Find Christian kingdom to ally against Islam
• Expand Trade
• Expand Christianity
Trade in Humans
• 1441 Portuguese ships reached the
Senegal River
• Exported first human cargo to Lisboa
• 1443, 1,000 people were being enslaved
– Circumvented the traditional trans-Saharan
slave route from central Africa to the
Mediterranean
•1471 New source of
gold “Gold Coast”
•Contact with Bakongo
state – Congo river
•State of Benin – inland
–Trade in gold, ivory
and humans
Ivory Mask
from Benin
–15th C Benin grew
powerful
© British Museum, London/HIP/Art Resource, NY
Portuguese in India
• Maritime Contact
– 1487 Captain Bartolomeu Dias sailed to the
Cape of Good Hope
– 1497 Vasco De Gama stopped at Muslim
ports of Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa
• Continued through the Arabian Sea
• Arrived in Calicut, India
• Objectives
– Destroy Muslim monopoly over spice trade
– Calicut major hub of spice trade
Fort Jesus at Mombasa
© William J. Duiker
Began the
European
takeover of
existing trade
routes
The port of Calicut, India,
in the mid-1500s
Began
colonization
Of Africa, Asia,
and
the Americas
© Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works
The Spice Islands
•15th C Portuguese
Seized control of
spice Trade from
Muslim Merchants
•1511 Afonso de
Albuquerque
•Gained control
of Malacca
•Massacred
local Arab
Population
Institutions of
Conquest:
Forts
Factory
Church
Notable brutality
European Voyages and
th
th
Possessions in the 16 & 17 C
Spain’s Challenge to
Portuguese Expansion
• Identifications:
– Treaty of Tordesillas
– Cortez, the Tlaxcalans & Monteczuma
– Columbus, Arawak/Taino & De Las Casas
– Institutions of conquest
– Pizarro and Inca Atahualpa
Empire Building
• Pope Nicholas V, 1452 – Bull Romanus
Pontifex “to capture & Vanquish and subdue
the Saracens, pagans & other enemies of
Christ, to put them into perpetual slavery & to
take all their possessions & property”
– Declared war against all non Christians,
– Sanctified slavery and exploitation
– Promoted conquest & exploitation of people and
their land
• Canary Islands 1400-1490s
• extermination of Guanches
Intercaeteras
• 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a Bull,
Intercaeteras
– dividing all non Christian lands between Spain
and Portugal.
– Castile – exclusive right acquire territory,
trade west of the meridian
Treaty of Tordesillas
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas –
– Divided western hemisphere into Portuguese
and Spanish spheres of influence
– route east around the Cape of Good Hope
(Portuguese)
– The route across the Atlantic (Spanish)
Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of
Tordesillas
1494
Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish
“Sphere of Influence”
1493
Institutions of Conquest
• Enslavement & Exploitation
• Mission System (Presidio, pueblo, Missions,
Rancho)
• Encomienda –
– Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero
for labor
– civilization and Christianization
– uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations
and public works
Columbus
Christopher Columbus has
recently become a
controversial figure in world
history. Why do you think
this is so, and how would
you evaluate his contribution
to the modern world?
– Heroification
– Motives
– Impact on Taino/Arawak
Massacre of the Indians
Collections of the Library of Congress, USA
Taino/Arawak Population of
today’s Haiti
• At Contact, 8,000,000 +/• Traditional texts count 100,000 to one million
• Today
8,000,000 +/-
• Following Spanish Colonization, within the
first 10 years
– 1570: Population reduced to 100’s
– 1600: Population 0
Bartholome De Las cases
• Short Account of the Destruction of the
Indies
– First protests against the excesses of
European colonization
• Argued against the legalism’s that conferred upon
the Castilian crown the right to exploit the labor
and resources of the indigenous peoples of
Americas
• Behavior of colonists gave reasons for Christianity
to be loathed and abominated by people
European Settlements in the
West Indies
The Arrival of Herna´n Corte´s
in Mexico
Mayan City – Pre-Aztec
New World Exploits: Mesoamerica
• Aztec Empire
• Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519
• Montezuma held prisoner
• Disease & Tlaxcalans
Aztec Court
Tenochtitlan
Cortez meets with Monteczuma
Cortez & Tlaxcalans
Spanish Perspective of
Conquest
Copyright © North Wind Picture Archives
© Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY
Aztec Perspective of
Conquest
New World Exploits: Andes
• Inca Empire
• 8-12 million people of Inca Empire
• Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture,
art…
• Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent
• 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco
• Inca Atahualpa
• Disease & civil strife
Impact of European Expansion
• Focus Questions:
– What were some of the Consequences of the
arrival of the European Traders and
Missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the
Americas?
• Identifications:
– Genocide
– Eurocentric perspective
– Columbian Exchange
– The Rise of Capitalism
Columbian Exchange: Impact
• Disease
• Indigenous population decline
• Perpetuation of Eurocentric perspective
– White/European superiority complex
• Gold and silver exports from the Americas
quadrupled imports into Europe between
1503 – 1650
– Price revolution and economic revolution in
Spanish economy
– Creation of 1st and 3rd worlds
Demographic Impact of Contact
• 1492: 100-300
million people in
western
hemisphere
• Epidemic Disease
killed 65% - 100%
of populations
The Columbian Exchange
New World gets:
• Diseases: bubonic
plague, pneumonic
plague, tuberculosis,
small pox, measles,
chicken pox, cholera,
influenza, typhus
• Plants: mainly cultigens
(weeds), citrus fruits,
grapes, wheat
• Animals: pigs, horses,
sheep, cattle, goats and
New World gives:
• Diseases: syphilis
(debated)
• Plants: corn,
beans, squash,
potatoes, peanuts,
tobacco…
• Animals: turkey
Patterns of World Trade Between
1500 and 1800
Manioc, Cassava or Yucca
Food for the Millions
© William J. Duiker
The Rise of Capitalism
• Sugar, dyes, cotton, vanilla, hides,
potatoes, cacao, corn, manioc, Tobacco,
Spices, jewels, silk, carpets, ivory, leather,
perfumes
– influenced the economy, trade and diet of
Europe
– played a crucial role in the rise of commercial
capitalism and the modern global economy
– Increased European imperial rivalry
• English and Dutch began challenging Iberian power
Africa In Transition
• Focus Question:
– What were the main features of the African
Slave trade, and what effects did European
participation have on traditional African
practices?
• Identifications:
– East Indian Company
– Dutch East Indian Company
– Impact and Rationalization of Chattel slavery
– African Intermediaries
– Middle Passage
Portuguese in Africa
• Francisco de Almeida
– East African Port cities: Kilwa, Sofala,
Mombasa
• Built forts along the coast
• Take monopoly on gold trade away from
the Shona people of Zimbabwe under the
dynasty of Mwene Metapa
– 1561 opened treaty relations
– Jesuit priests posted to court
– Land grants expanded influence
• Resulted in Colony of Mozambique
Imperial Rivalries
• Imperial challenges to Portugal
– Spain acquired the Philippines following the
voyages of Ferdinand Magellan in 1529
– England sent the first expedition to the Indies
in 1591
• 1600 the (English) East Indian Company
• Began expanding Influence
– Dutch arrived in Indian 1595
• 1621 established the Dutch East India Company
• Challenged Portuguese and English possessions
Dutch in South Africa
• Dutch arrived in South Africa
– 1652 established a way station a the Cape of
Good Hope
• Base for fleets in Route to the East Indies
• Dutch Boers
– Afrikaans dialect
– Threatened African and Portuguese control
• Hegemony until 1992
Trans Atlantic Slavery
• 1450 – Portuguese Slave Factories
– Madeira Islands, Azores, Cape Verde, Sao
Tome
• West & Central Africa
– Malian Empire in decline by 1550
– 200 warring states
• Agricultural population, skilled craftsmen
• Acquired by Portuguese raiding villages, later
through African warring
Fort Jesus at Mombasa
© William J. Duiker
•
Birth of Trans Atlantic African
Slavery
• Middle Passage
– Journey from Africa to the Americas
– 1/3 of those enslaved died en route
• Conditions, disease, malnourishment, suicide,
infanticide
• 20% children
• Majority of enslaved were male
• 1518, First enslaved Africans shipped by
the Spanish to the Americas
Slave Traders
• Traditionally enslaved peoples were those
captured in war or had inherited their
status
• European demand increased,
– local African slave traders began moving
inland and kidnapping people from villages.
– African Intermediaries (private merchants,
local elites and trading state monopolies)
• active in acquiring more enslaved peoples,
dictating price, volume and availability of slaves to
European purchasers)
•Gore’e off the coast of Senegal, near Cape Verde was a
gateway to slavery. 12 million Africans were shipped to all
parts of the world by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and
French
© William J. Duiker
The sign by the
doorway reads, ‘‘From
this door, they would
embark on a voyage
with no return, eyes
fixed on an infinity of
suffering.’’
•Sugar cultivation
throughout the
Americas fueled the
rise of the
European Trans
Atlantic Chattel
slavery system
© William J. Duiker
Growth of Slavery
• 16th C 275,000 people exported, 2/3 to the
Americas
» 1,000/year to colonies
• 17th C >million people exported
» 20,000/year to Colonies
• 18th C >6 million people exported
» 60,000/year to Colonies/America
– 16Th C – 19Th C 21 million taken
» 12 million people exported
17th C The Slave Trade routes
Rationalization
• Traders carried on an ancient tradition that
had existed in the Mediterranean and
African world
• Exposed “savages” to Christianity
• Would be able to replace Indian workers
with African
– (mortality and destruction of indigenous
peoples)
– De Las Casas
European Chattel Slavery
•
•
•
•
Endless toil to produce staple crops
Inherited position
Chattel conditions
Inhumane status, rape & torture
– Rulers of the Congo & Christian Kingdom of
Benin – tried to end cruelty of European
enslavement
• became victims when they began to protest the
trade
Impact of African Enslavement
• Depopulation in some regions:
– modern day Angola and East Africa
• Political and Social Structures on a
changing continent:
– Western economic penetration of Africa –
dislocating effects:
– Importation of manufactured goods from
Europe undermined the foundations of local
cottage industries and impoverished families
Impact
• Demand for slaves and introduction of
firearms intensified political instability and
civil strife
– Weakening of Songhai trade empire and
eventual conquest by Morocco
– Competition and civil strife between
introduced religions
• Islam and later Christianity and traditional
traditions
• In West Africa: decline and collapse of Mwene
Metapa
A French Pepper Plantation
Southern India
•One of the most sought after spices found
in Asia and Indonesia
© The Art Archive/Bibliothe`que Nationale, Paris
The Rise of the West
• Imperial Rivalries for control of the Spice
trade: Portuguese, Spain, Dutch, English
and French
• Dutch East India Company consolidated
military and political power over spice
trade in Indonesia by 18th C
• The Mainland resisted encroachment
– Burma, Thailand, Vietnam