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PRESENTATED BY:ARCHITA KUNDU CLASS:-X B ROLL:- 05 Looking at living things LIFE PROCESSES OF HUMANBEINGS Digestive System Organization 6 • Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract – Tube within a tube – Direct link/path between organs – Structures • • • • • • • Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large Intestine Rectum Mouth Teeth mechanically break down food into small pieces. Tongue mixes food with saliva (contains amylase, which helps break down starch). Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea preventing food from entering it. Esophagus • Approximately 10” long • Functions include: 1.Secrete mucus 2.Moves food from the throat to the stomach using muscle movement called peristalsis • If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s heartburn. Stomach J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces. Mixes food with digestive juices that contain enzymes to break down proteins and lipids. Acid in the stomach kills bacteria. Food found in the stomach is called chyme. 9 Small Intestine Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi, to increase surface area. The villi are covered in microvilli which further increases surface area for absorption. 10 About 5 feet long Accepts what small intestines don’t absorb Rectum (short term storage which holds feces before it is expelled). Accessory Organs Liver Directly affects digestion by producing bile Bile helps digest fat • filters out toxins and waste including drugs and alcohol Gall Bladder Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine. Fatty diets can cause gallstones Accessory Organs Pancreas Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin What is Human Respiration? The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide. Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration Inspiration- the process of taking in air Expiration- the process of blowing out air Organs in the Respiratory System STRUCTURE FUNCTION nose / nasal cavity warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea larynx trachea (windpipe) bronchi bronchioles alveoli the voice box, where vocal chords are located keeps the windpipe "open" trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged Components of the Respiratory Tract Figure 10.3 Gas Exchange & Transport: A Passive Process Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures External respiration: gases exchanged between air and blood Internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue fluids Oxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonate Oxygen Exchange Four Respiration Processes Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste Respiratory Cycle Figure 10.9 What is the circulatory system? The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body. The Heart has the job of pumping these things around the body. The Heart pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes called blood vessels. The Heart and blood vessels together make up the Circulatory System. How does the Heart work? STEP ONE blood from the body blood from the lungs The heart beat begins when the heart muscles relax and blood flows into the atria. How does the Heart work? STEP TWO The atria then contract and the valves open to allow blood into the ventricles. How does the Heart work? STEP THREE The valves close to stop blood flowing backwards. The ventricles contract forcing the blood to leave the heart. At the same time, the atria are relaxing and once again filling with blood. blood from the heart gets around the body through blood vessels artery vein capillaries body cell The Blood red blood cell platelets white blood cell plasma Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system. This means it has two parts parts. Lungs the right side of the the left side of the system system deals with deals with deoxygenated blood. oxygenated blood. Body cells waste and what its removed by ◦carbon dioxide- lungs ◦water - skin, kidney, lungs ◦salts - skin, kidney ◦ammonia - liver ◦urea - kidney human excretory system human excretory system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra and renal circuit (renal arteries and renal veins) kidney includes an outer cortex, middle medulla and the nephrons nephrons include a capsule and a looping tubule that joins others to form the collecting ducts, making up the pyramids which empty into the calyces - lead into the renal pelvis nephrons form urine, which passes from the collecting ducts to the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis empties into the ureters, which conduct urine to the urinary bladder, and the urethra voids the urine from the body. Functions of the kidneys 1. excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes 2. regulate chemical levels in blood 3. maintain water balance 4. helps regulate blood pressure (renin) THE NEPHRON The nephron begins with Bowman's capsules, which surrounds the glomerulus, a ball of capillaries arising from an afferent arteriole of the renal artery. Leaving the glomerulus is an efferent arteriole, which forms the peritubular capillaries, where reabsorption takes place. These spread over the nephron to later form a venule that joins others to make up the renal vein. other organs • ureters - long narrow tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) located inside each kidney. Function is to drain the renal pelvis to urinary bladder • urinary bladder- elastic muscular organ capable of great expansion. Function si storage of urine and voiding • urethra – passage of urine from bladder to outside of body. Passage of semen from male body formation of urine occurs by a series of three processes that take place in successive parts of the nephron • filtration • reabsorption • secretion blood and urine flow blood enters the kidneys via renal arteries, and leaves the kidneys via the renal veins wastes removed from the blood leave the kidneys by the ureter wastes - urine The remaining wastes, now called urine are transported out through the collecting tubule to an area known as the renal pelvis (a collecting area) where the urine then passes into the ureter Our Body Our body lives and works through all the hard work are organs do to keep us alive. Whether we are walking, talking, sleeping, playing or sitting, our body is constantly working hard to keeps us in full health keeping us fit. As long as we continue to treat our body with care it will take care of us. Through eating healthily and keeping an active lifestyle our body will continue to work to its full potential allowing us to enjoy a long life.