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PRESENTATED BY:ARCHITA KUNDU
CLASS:-X B
ROLL:- 05
Looking at living things
LIFE PROCESSES OF
HUMANBEINGS
Digestive System Organization
6
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
– Tube within a tube
– Direct link/path between organs
– Structures
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Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Mouth
 Teeth mechanically break
down food into small
pieces. Tongue mixes food
with saliva (contains
amylase, which helps break
down starch).
 Epiglottis is a flap-like
structure at the back of the
throat that closes over the
trachea preventing food
from entering it.
Esophagus
• Approximately 10” long
• Functions include:
1.Secrete mucus
2.Moves food from the throat to
the stomach using muscle
movement called peristalsis
• If acid from the stomach gets
in here that’s heartburn.
Stomach

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
J-shaped muscular bag that
stores the food you eat, breaks
it down into tiny pieces.
Mixes food with digestive juices
that contain enzymes to break
down proteins and lipids.
Acid in the stomach kills
bacteria.
Food found in the stomach is
called chyme.
9
Small Intestine
Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long
 Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
projections called villi, to increase surface
area.
 The villi are covered in microvilli which
further increases surface area for
absorption.

10
About 5 feet long
Accepts what small
intestines don’t absorb
 Rectum (short term
storage which holds feces
before it is expelled).
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Accessory Organs
Liver
 Directly affects
 digestion by
producing bile

Bile helps digest fat
•
filters out toxins and
waste including drugs and
alcohol
Gall Bladder
 Stores bile from the
liver, releases it into
the small intestine.
 Fatty diets can cause
gallstones
Accessory Organs
Pancreas
Produces digestive
enzymes to digest
fats, carbohydrates
and proteins
 Regulates blood
sugar by producing
insulin

What is Human Respiration?
 The human respiratory
system allows one to obtain
oxygen, eliminate carbon
dioxide.
 Breathing consists of two
phases, inspiration and
expiration


Inspiration- the process of
taking in air
Expiration- the process of
blowing out air
Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavity
warms, moistens, & filters air as it is
inhaled
pharynx (throat)
passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
the voice box, where vocal chords are
located
keeps the windpipe "open"
trachea is lined with fine hairs called
cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs
two branches at the end of the trachea,
each lead to a lung
a network of smaller branches leading from
the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs
the functional respiratory units in the lung
where gases are exchanged
Components of the Respiratory
Tract
Figure 10.3
Gas Exchange & Transport:
A Passive Process

Gases diffuse according to their partial
pressures

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

External respiration: gases exchanged between air
and blood
Internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue
fluids
Oxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood
cells or dissolved in blood plasma
Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma,
bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma
bicarbonate
Oxygen Exchange
Four Respiration Processes




Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out
of lungs
External respiration: gas exchange
between air and blood
Internal respiration: gas exchange
between blood and tissues
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to
produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste
Respiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9
What is the circulatory system?
 The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different places in the body.
 The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.

The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.

The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.
How does the Heart work?
STEP ONE
blood from the
body
blood from
the lungs
The heart beat begins when
the
heart muscles relax and
blood
flows into the atria.
How does the Heart work?
STEP TWO
The atria then contract
and
the valves open to
allow blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?
STEP THREE
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again
filling with blood.
blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
artery
vein
capillaries
body cell
The Blood
red blood cell
platelets
white blood cell
plasma
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
Lungs
the right side of the
the left side of the
system
system
deals with
deals with
deoxygenated blood.
oxygenated blood.
Body cells
waste and what its removed by
◦carbon dioxide- lungs
◦water - skin, kidney, lungs
◦salts - skin, kidney
◦ammonia - liver
◦urea - kidney
human excretory system
human excretory system

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consists of the kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra and renal
circuit (renal arteries and renal
veins)
kidney includes an outer cortex,
middle medulla and the nephrons
nephrons include a capsule and a
looping tubule that joins others
to form the collecting ducts,
making up the pyramids which
empty into the calyces - lead into
the renal pelvis
nephrons form urine, which
passes from the collecting ducts
to the renal pelvis. The renal
pelvis empties into the ureters,
which conduct urine to the
urinary bladder, and the urethra
voids the urine from the body.
Functions of the kidneys
1. excrete toxins and
nitrogenous wastes
2. regulate chemical
levels in blood
3. maintain water
balance
4. helps regulate blood
pressure (renin)
THE NEPHRON
The nephron begins with
Bowman's capsules,
which surrounds the
glomerulus, a ball of
capillaries arising from
an afferent arteriole of
the renal
artery. Leaving the
glomerulus is an
efferent arteriole,
which forms the
peritubular capillaries,
where reabsorption
takes place. These
spread over the nephron
to later form a venule
that joins others to
make up the renal vein.
other organs
• ureters - long narrow tubes
with expanded upper end
(renal pelvis) located inside
each kidney. Function is to
drain the renal pelvis to
urinary bladder
• urinary bladder- elastic
muscular organ capable of
great expansion. Function si
storage of urine and voiding
• urethra – passage of urine
from bladder to outside of
body. Passage of semen from
male body
formation of urine
occurs by a series of three processes
that take place in successive parts of the
nephron
• filtration
• reabsorption
• secretion
blood and
urine flow
blood enters the
kidneys via renal
arteries, and
leaves the kidneys
via the renal veins
wastes removed
from the blood
leave the kidneys
by the ureter
wastes - urine
The remaining wastes, now called urine
are transported out through the
collecting tubule to an area known as
the renal pelvis (a collecting area)
where the urine then passes into the
ureter
Our Body
Our body lives and works
through all the hard work are
organs do to keep us alive.
Whether we are walking,
talking, sleeping, playing or
sitting, our body is constantly
working hard to keeps us in full
health keeping us fit. As long as
we continue to treat our body
with care it will take care of us.
Through eating healthily and
keeping an active lifestyle our
body will continue to work to
its full potential allowing us to
enjoy a long life.