* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 29
Rare Earth hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
History of astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Dyson sphere wikipedia , lookup
Auriga (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Aries (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems wikipedia , lookup
Canis Minor wikipedia , lookup
Corona Borealis wikipedia , lookup
Observational astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Tropical year wikipedia , lookup
Corona Australis wikipedia , lookup
Cassiopeia (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Astronomical unit wikipedia , lookup
Solar System wikipedia , lookup
Canis Major wikipedia , lookup
H II region wikipedia , lookup
Future of an expanding universe wikipedia , lookup
History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses wikipedia , lookup
Cygnus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Formation and evolution of the Solar System wikipedia , lookup
Cosmic distance ladder wikipedia , lookup
Planetary habitability wikipedia , lookup
Perseus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Type II supernova wikipedia , lookup
Stellar kinematics wikipedia , lookup
Star formation wikipedia , lookup
Stellar evolution wikipedia , lookup
Aquarius (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Standard solar model wikipedia , lookup
Define Fusion Fusion is the combining of lighter atomic nuclei to make heavier atomic nuclei and energy. In the Sun, hydrogen is fused together to make helium. Define Fission Fission is the opposite of fusion. It is the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into smaller atomic nuclei and energy. How many Jupiter's would it take side by side to go across the Sun? 10 How many Jupiter's would it take to fill the Sun? 100 What percent of the solar system does the Sun’s mass make up? 99% What are the three layers of the Sun’s atmosphere? 1. Photosphere 2. Chromosphere 3. Corona Which layer of the Sun’s atmosphere can you see? Photosphere Which layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is the outer most layer? Corona Which layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is the thickest and the hottest? Corona Which layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is in the middle? Chromosphere What are the violent eruptions of particles of radiation? Solar flares What is the arc of gas that is ejected from the photosphere and rains back to the surface? Prominence Where does the fusion process take place? In the Sun’s (stars) core What formula describes the energy-mass conversions for a stars fusion? E = M C^2 What is the density found at the Sun’s core and how does it compare to lead? 150 g/cm^3 or 1.5 X 10^5 13 times more dense than lead How much longer will the Sun last? About 5 billion years What is the hydrogen turned into during the fusion process? Helium How is it possible for the Sun’s core to be 13 times more dense than lead, but still be in a gaseous state? The temperatures are so high! (27 million degrees F) List and describe the three different types of spectra? 1. Continuous a) No breaks between the wavelengths b) As seen through a prism, no gas 2. Emission a) See particular wavelength bands b) As seen from a non compressed gas 3. Absorption a) See dark bands along spectrum b) As seen coming through a cool gas What is the Sunspot cycle? About 11 (11.2) years What is the Sunspot cycle if you take into account the flipping of the Sun’s magnetic field? About 22 (22.4) years What is the percent hydrogen and Helium in the Sun? Hydrogen = 73.4% Helium = 25% What is a group of stars that form a “picture”? Constellatiion Why can’t you see some constellations like Orion all year long? As the Earth orbits the Sun, you can’t see the constellations on the other side of the Sun because the Sun is too bright to see stars during the day. What are the Zodiac constellations? These are the 12 constellations that mark where the Sun, Moon and planets appear to pass through, throughout the Year. Are all of the stars within a constellation next to each other? No, the stars can vary greatly in distance to Earth, but we can’t visually distinguish the difference in depth so they only appear to be next to each other. What do you call it when 2 stars are gravitationally bound to each other? Binaries How common are Binaries? Over half of the stars you see are actually binaries. What is a Doppler shift? As energy moves towards an observer the waves compress (gets shorter) and shifts to the color blue. As energy moves away from an observer, the waves elongate and shift to the longer color red. What color shift do we see when we look at most galaxies and why? We see a red shift, because the Universe is expanding. Why can’t we tell with the naked eye if a star is a binary? They are two far away (for our eyes to resolve the one image as two points of light). What is the name of the process of determining the distance to a star based on the shift of its image throughout the course of the year? Parallax Describe how the parallax process works? As the Earth orbits the Sun, our view of a give star shifts. The more it appears to shift, the closer the star is. What is the measure of a stars brightness? Magnitude What are the two types of magnitude? Absolute and Apparent Magnitude What is apparent magnitude? How bright a star appears to be. What is parsec? 3.26 ly What is absolute magnitude? How bright it actually is based on size and temperature at a distance of 10 pc (32.6 light years). What is the measure of a stars brightness? Magnitude Define Luminosity The measure of a stars energy output per second. Why do the planets orbit the Sun? The Sun’s gravitational pull keeps the planets from flying out of the solar system. The magnetic storms that are cooler areas on the Sun’s surface are known as what? Sun spots How is Einstein’s theory of Relativity expressed and what do the letters mean? E = M C^2 E = energy M = Mass C = the speed of light and its squared What is a circumpolar constellation? A constellation that is close to Polaris and can be seen all year round. What is the difference between apparent and absolute magnitude? Apparent magnitude is how bright a star appears, and absolute magnitude is how bright the star actually is. What are the two main ingredients for a star? Hydrogen and helium What are the spectral classes for the stars? O, B, A, F, G, K and M and each class can range from 0 to 9. How does the spectral class relate to the stars temperature? The O stars have the highest temperature (50,000 K) and gets progressively cooler down to the M stars (2,000 K). What is the spectral class and surface temperature in Kelvin for the Sun? G2 5,800 K Give all of the information possible about the Sun from the HR diagram (not in ESRTs ) Spectral Class = G2 Temperature = 5,800 Color = yellow Type = Main Sequence Luminosity = 1 Which is the hottest spectral class? O What two things determine the Temperature and Hydrostatic equilibrium? The mass and composition of the star Name 2 things that the temperature of a star will determine The luminosity and rate of nuclear reactions. Most stars in the galaxy are in what group? Main sequence Define Hydrostatic equilibrium The balance between the outward explosive force of a nuclear reaction, and the pull inward due to gravity. This makes the spherical shape of a star. What does every star start out as? A nebulae (collection of hydrogen gas) Describe the first stages of life that all stars go through to become a star. The nebulae collapses upon itself and rotates. As it continues to contract it gains pressure and temperature until fusion begins What does the rest of the stars cycle (after the birth) depend on? Its mass How long does an average size star like the Sun last? 10 billion years What is the final stage of a large (not the largest) star? A supernovae Neutron star What happens to the largest stars at the end of their lives? They implode and become black holes What is a black hole? A massive body in space that is so dense, that not even light can escape its gravitational pull. List and describe the two main types of black holes? Stellar: made from a single giant star imploding Supermassive: found at the center of most galaxies. What is at the center of our Galaxy? A super massive black hole What do average and smaller size stars turn into at the end of their life cycle? Black Dwarfs What is the next stage for a star like our Sun, and what will happen as a result? It will become a Red Giant (expanding greatly in size) and bake the inner planets. What is the explosion of a neutron star called? Supernovae What is the center of the Sun called? Core What color do we see because the stars and galaxies are moving away from us? Red How far away is the Sun from Earth? 93 million miles or 8 light minutes What is the unit of distance from the Earth to the Sun called? Astronomical Unit or AU What is the unit of distance equal to 3.26 light years? Parsec Which group of stars has the lowest luminosity? Dwarfs Which color would a star be to signify the highest temperature? Blue Which color would a star be to signify the lowest temperature? Red Which color is the Sun? Yellow How could a medium size star like the Sun appear to be brighter than a super giant? Because it is so close What is the relationship between the magnitude number and brightness? The lower the number the brighter it is. Which star has a higher temperature, Spica or Barnard’s Star? Spica Which star is Larger, Sirius or Deneb? Deneb What group do most stars belong to? The Main Sequence What is the temperature of Spica? 25,000 K In what ways are Polaris and the Sun similar and in what ways are they different? Similar: Color and temperature Different: Size and luminosity What group does Deneb belong to? Supergiants How many days does it take the Sun to rotate? 27