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C3 Summary Booklet 2014 Complete all of the activities in the booklet – if you get stuck: use revision guides, text books and the internet to help you. Name: _______________________________________________ C3.1 The Periodic Table C3.1.1.The Early Periodic Table How did John Dalton order the elements? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How was this order developed by Newland? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What were the two main problems with this order? 1.………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2.………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Part of Mendeleev’s periodic table is shown below: Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Period 1 H Period 2 Li Be B C N O F Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Period 4 K Ca ? Ti V Cr Mn Cu Period 5 Rb Zn Sr Ag ? Y Cd ? Zr In As Nb Sn Se Mo Sb Fe Co Br ? Te Group 8 Ni Ru Rh ? Pd In what order did Mendeleev place the elements in his table? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Suggest one reason why Mendeleev put all of these elements in the same group. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in his periodic table? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… In what order are elements in the modern periodic table? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Which group of elements in the modern periodic table is completely missing from Mendeleev’s table? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.1.2 The Modern Periodic Table Label each of the group of the periodic table below. You may colour each group a different colour to show where they are. Why did the order of potassium and argon have to be changed in the modern periodic table? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How are elements arranged in the modern periodic table? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.1.3 Group1 Elements What are the group 1 metals also known as? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the density of the alkali metals, be specific about the first three? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe one other physical property of the alkali metals. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How do the alkali metals react with non-metals? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Write a word and symbol equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Write an ionic equation for the reaction of the alkali metal atom when they react with non-metals. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the reaction of lithium with water and write an equation for this. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… The electron shells below are for the first three elements in group 1.Fill in the symbol and complete their electron configuration using crosses to represent the electrons: Describe the change in the atomic radii as you go down the group. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the change in electron shielding as you go down the group. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the trend in reactivity as you go down the group. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Explain this trend in reactivity in terms of electronic structure. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.1.4 Transition Elements Give 4 physical properties of the transition metals. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Compare the chemical properties of the transition metals with the alkali metals. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give three characteristic properties of transition metals. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.1.5 Group 7 What are the group 7 non-metals also known as? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe two physical properties of these. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the trend in colour and state going down group 7 …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How do the group 7 elements react with metals? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What happens when a group 7 element forms an ion? Write an ionic equation for this. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Write a word and symbol equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What is the rule for displacement reactions of the halogens? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give a symbol equation to illustrate the rule. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… The electron shells below are for the first two elements in group 7.Fill in the symbol and complete their electron configuration using crosses to represent the electrons: Describe the change in the atomic radii as you go down the group. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the change in electron shielding as you go down the group. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the trend in reactivity as you go down the group. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Explain this trend in reactivity in terms of electronic structure. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.2 Water C3.2.1 Hard Water What is hard water? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What ions does hard water contain? …………………………………………………………………………………… How is hard water formed? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What are the disadvantages of hard water? You must refer to scale and scum. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What are the advantages of hard water? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.2.2 Removing Hardness What is the difference between permanent and temporary hard water? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How is temporary hard water formed? Describe using a symbol equation. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How is permanent hard water formed? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How is temporary hard water softened? Symbol equations are needed (there are two steps). …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the two methods for softening permanent hard water? 1.………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………….................................. 2.………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………….………….………… C3.2.3 Water Treatment What is the difference between pure water and water which is safe to drink? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What are the main stages of water treatment to make it safe to drink? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How can we obtain pure water? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Why do some water filters contain silver? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.2.3 Water Issues What are the arguments against using a filter jug in the home to soften water? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Why is chlorine added to water during the treatment process? …………………………………………………………………………………… Why are people concerned about the levels of chlorine in our drinking water? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give two arguments for the addition of fluoride ions to tap water. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give two arguments against the addition of fluoride ions to tap water. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.3 Energy C3.3.1 Comparing the Energy Released by Fuels What are the units of energy? …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe, briefly, how you would measure the energy change from burning a fuel. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What equation would you use to calculate the energy change? Explain the terms. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.3.2 Energy Transfers in Solution How would you measure the energy change during a neutralisation reaction between an acid and an alkali? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What equation would you use to calculate the energy change? Explain the terms. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.3.3 Energy Level Diagrams Complete the simple energy level diagram for an exothermic reaction. How can you tell this is an exothermic reaction? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Complete the simple energy level diagram for an endothermic reaction. How can you tell this is an exothermic reaction? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Define Activation Energy …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of process is breaking bonds? …………………………………………………………………………………… What kind of process is making bonds? …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.3.4 Calculations Using Bond Energies Use the idea of bond breaking and bond making to explain an exothermic reaction. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Use the idea of bond breaking and bond making to explain an endothermic reaction. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What is meant by bond energy? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What are the units of bond energies? …………………………………………………………………………………… How can we use bond energies to calculate the energy change? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Can you calculate the energy change, ΔH, for the reaction of hydrogen and chlorine? Hydrogen + chlorine hydrogen chloride. H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g Bond H—H Cl—Cl H—Cl Bond Energy (in kJ per mole) 436 242 431 …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.3.5 Fuel Issues What are the consequences of using fossil fuels? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… In modern cars hydrogen gas can be burned as a fuel. Name the reaction and provide the equation. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give an advantage of using hydrogen fuel cells to power vehicles. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give 2 disadvantages of using hydrogen fuel cells to power vehicles. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.4 Analysis C3.4.1 Testing for Positive Ions Describe how you would identify metal ions using the flame test (3 steps) …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Complete the table of results you would expect to see. Metal Ion Colour Lithium (Li+) Yellow (K+) Calcium Red Barium Which 3 metal ions will form a white precipitate when reacted with sodium hydroxide? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How can you distinguish between aluminium and magnesium using this test? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What happens when you add sodium hydroxide solution to Copper (II), iron (II) and iron (III) ions? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.4.2 Testing for Negative Ions What happens when dilute acids are added to metal carbonates? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How would you test for the gas produced and what would you observe? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Nitric acid and silver nitrate can be added to chlorides, bromides and iodides. What would you see for each? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Why is the nitric acid added first? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How would you determine if a sulphate ion was present and what would you see? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.4.3 Titrations How would you measure the volumes of a strong acid and alkali reacting together? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe, briefly, the method for determining the volume of acid required to react with a known volume of alkali. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What equation would you use to find the number of moles in a substance? Explain the terms. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… If you know the concentration of the alkali, how would you find the concentration of the reactant? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.4.4 Titration Calculations When 25cm3 of 0.1mol dm-3 NaOH were titrated with 20cm3 of HCl, how many moles of NaOH were present? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… From the moles of NaOH present and the equation, how many moles of HCl reacted? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… From the moles of HCl and the titration result, find the concentration of the HCl. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.4.5 Chemical Analysis What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative testing? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What techniques do forensic scientists use? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What do forensic scientists use gel electrophoresis for? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.5 Organic Chemistry C3.5.1 Structures of alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters What is the functional group of an alcohol? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give the name, displayed and structural formula for the first three alcohols. Name Displayed Formula Structural Formula What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give the name, displayed and structural formula for the first three carboxylic acids. Name Displayed Formula Structural Formula C3.5.2 Properties and Uses of Alcohols What are the chemical properties of alcohols? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Write a word and symbol equation for the combustion of ethanol. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What happens when alcohol is boiled with acidified potassium dichromate? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give two specific food related uses of ethanol. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.5.3 Carboxylic Acids and Esters What type of solution is formed when carboxylic acids are dissolved in water? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Why are carboxylic acids described as weak acids? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give two uses of carboxylic acids. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What are produced when carboxylic acids react with alcohols? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give the general word equation for this. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What is the rule for naming esters? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What ester would be produced from reacting ethanoic acid and methanol? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Give the displayed and structural formula for the reactants and products in the previous question. Give two uses of esters. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.6 Equilibria C3.6.1 Reaching Equilibrium What does this symbol mean? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… When is equilibrium reached in a reaction in a closed system? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How can you change the relative amounts of the substances in an equilibrium mixture? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… C3.6.2 Altering Conditions in a closed system If the forward reaction is exothermic, how does increasing the temperature affect the amount of product formed? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… If the forward reaction is exothermic, how does decreasing the temperature affect the amount of product formed? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… If the forward reaction is endothermic, how does increasing the temperature affect the amount of product formed? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… If the forward reaction is endothermic, how does decreasing the temperature affect the amount of product formed? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Complete the table for altering the pressure in a closed system. If the forward reaction produces more If the forward reaction produces less molecules of gas….. molecules of gas….. …an increase in pressure _________ …an increase in pressure _________ the amount of products produced. the amount of products produced. …a decrease in pressure _________ …a decrease in pressure _________ the amount of product produced. the amount of product produced. C3.6.3 Making Ammonia In the Haber process, where do they get the nitrogen, N2 and the hydrogen, H2? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Construct the word and the balanced symbol equation for the Haber process. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the conditions used when ammonia is made in the Haber process. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… What happens to the un-reacted gases? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… How is the ammonia separated from the unreacted gases? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Explain the pressure used in the Haber process. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Explain the temperature used in the Haber process. (The forward reaction is exothermic.) …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Explain the catalyst used in the Haber process. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Self-Assess The topics that I know in detail are: The topics that I know but need to do some revision for are: The topics that I do not understand and need to ask for help with are: Other revision activities that you can now do are: Attend revision sessions on Thursday Complete BBC bitesize activities Make revision cards Make mind maps
