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New Monarchs (Politics & the State in the Renaissance 1450-1521) ► Monarchs who invested kingship with a strong sense of royal authority and national purpose, stressing that the monarchy was the one institution that linked all classes and peoples within definite territorial boundaries. emphasized royal majesty & royal sovereignty, and insisted on the respect and loyalty of all subjects ► France Charles VII (r. 1422-1461) – ended the Hundred Years’ War in 1453 & consolidated the authority of the French crown reorganized the royal council (increased influence of middleclass men) strengthened royal finances through taxes: gabelle (on salt) & taille (land tax) established the first permanent royal army published the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) – asserting the superiority of a general council over the papacy, giving the French crown major control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the pope of French ecclesiastical revenue Louis XI “Spider King” (r. 1461-1483) – son of Charles VII - Faced with feudal disorder (opposition of the aristocracy to a centralized state) Louis promoted new industries (silk weaving) & welcomed foreign craftsmen as well as entered into commercial treaties with England, Portugal, & the Hanseatic League – to raise revenue through royal taxes Used his improved army to stop aristocratic brigandage & to cut into urban independence. Louis XII (r. 1498-1515) – marriage to Anne of Brittany added the duchy of Brittany to the monarchs state. Francis I & Pope Leo X – Concordat of Bologna, rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges returning papal authority over the church in France, but allowed for the Monarchs appointment of French bishops & abbots effectively giving French kings control of appointments & policies of the church in France. ► England - Monarchy vs. Parliament (House of Lords & House of Commons) Monarchs were dependent on Parliament for revenue Edward IV & Tudor monarchs avoided this relationship by following a policy of diplomacy with foreign states rather than costly wars. - thereby undercutting the source of aristocratic influence Edward IV (r. 1461-1483) – defeated the Lancastrian forces in the War of the Roses (York – white Rose / Lancaster – Red Rose) winning control of the crown Richard III (r. 1483-1485) Welsh house of Tudor – brother of Edward IV Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) - Royal Council: became the center of royal authority to govern at the national level very few great lords were allowed to serve as advisors to the king majority of the 12-15 members of the council were of the middle class (lesser landowners who had primarily studied law) - court of Star Chamber: royal court who applied principles of Roman law (accused not entitled to see evidence against them, trials held in secret, torture was commonly used, juries were not called) primarily used to reduce aristocratic opposition to the monarchy held executive, legislative, and judicial power under the monarchy - justices of the peace: unpaid local officials (influential landowners in the shires who handled all the work of local government) took the place of a standing army or professional service bureaucracy which the Tudor’s did not have & could not afford they apprehended & punished criminals, enforced parliamentary statues, fixed wages & prices, maintained weights and measures - Tudor monarchs were successful because they were supported by the upper middle-class who wanted to maintain peace in the wake of years of anarchy. - Henry VII rebuilt the monarchy by: encouraging the cloth industry & building up the English merchant marine thereby increasing government revenue through the taxation of the wool industry. crushing the invasion from Ireland & securing peace with Scotland through the marriage of his daughter Margaret to the Scottish king ► Spain Reconquista – the wars of northern Christian kingdoms in Spain to recapture control of the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims (Moores) - military & religious objective was to expel the Muslims & Jews and gain political control of the south. 1469 – Marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon: constituted a dynastic union of two royal houses, not a political union of two states. - Spain existed as a loose confederation of separate kingdoms until Ferdinand & Isabella (r. 1474-1516) - Hermandades: “brotherhoods” popular groups in towns given authority to act as local police forces and as judicial tribunes. Used by Ferdinand & Isabella to curb rebellions and warring 1700 aristocracy - To curb aristocratic powers – Ferdinand & Isabella restructured the royal council to exclude Aristocrats & powerful landowners – reducing the influence of the nobility on state policy the council held full executive, judicial, and legislative powers under the monarchy & supervised local authorities members of the council were of middle-class background and were trained in Roman Law – which exalted the power of the Crown as the embodiment of the state. - Establishment of a national church through a diplomatic alliance made b/w the Spanish pope Alexander VI & the Spanish monarchy creating the “Catholic Kings of Spain” allowed the monarch to raise revenues from ecclesiastical estates to create an army capable of continuing the reconquista - which concluded in 1492 with the conquest of Granada anti-Semitism: Jewish persecutions due to economic dislocation, anti-Jewish preaching, and the plague (14th15th cen.) - New Christians – conversos & Maranos: Jews & Moors who converted to Christianity under duress. - Inquisition – used by Ferdinand to punish converts who secretly continued to practice their religion (mostly used as a way to deflect popular demands on the state to persecute conversos) - Absolute religious orthodoxy and purity of blood served as the theoretical foundation of the Spanish national state. ○ following the fall of Granada – Ferdinand & Isabella issued an edict expelling Jews from Spain (approx.150,000 of 200,000 fled) Politics and the State in the Renaissance (ca. 1450-1521) A. Some scholars have viewed Renaissance kingship as a new form, citing the dependence of the monarch on urban wealth and the ideology of the “strong king” – the New Monarchs. 1. The social group that most resisted the centralizing efforts of the New Monarchs was the nobility, who would lose power to them. 2. In France Charles VII (r. 1422-1461) centralizing efforts included: a. creating the first permanent royal army b. setting up new taxes on salt and land c. allowing increased influence in his bureaucracy from middle-class men. d. publicizing his right to appoint bishops in the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. i. The Concordat of Bologna institutionalized the French king’s control of the French church. 3. Charles’s son Louis XI (r. 1461-1483) fostered industry from artisans, taxed it, and used the funds to build up his army. He brought much new territory under direct Crown rule. 4. In England Edward IV ended the War of the Roses between rival baronial houses. 5. Henry VII ruled largely without Parliament, using as his advisers men with lower-level gentry origins. a. His Court of the Star Chamber dealt with noble threats to royal power in England by putting aristocrats on trial and using methods on them that contradicted common law, such as torture. 6. Although Spain remained a confederation of kingdoms until 1700, the wedding of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon did lead to some centralization. a. Ferdinand and Isabella stopped violence among the nobles, recruited “middle-class” advisors onto their royal council, and secured the right to appoint bishops in Spain and in the Spanish empire of America. b. The last Muslim outpost in Spain at Grenada was conquered. c. They supported Columbus’ voyage to the Americas. 7. Popular anti-Semitism increased in 14th century Spain. a. In 1478 Ferdinand and Isabella invited the Inquisition into Spain to search out and punish Jewish converts to Christianity who secretly continued Jewish religious practices. b. To persecute converts, Inquisitors and others formulated a racial theory – that conversos were suspect not because of their beliefs, but because of who they were racially: That Jews could be nothing but Jews. c. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the Jews from Spain.