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Chapter 5 By Coach Murray Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30) • Phylum Porifera – 10,000 species mistaken for plants, heterotrophs, up to 16 ft wide, filter 20 x volume in 1 min., secrete mucus to avoid clogging • Multicelluar: collar cels (move H2O), amoebocyte (absorb/distribute nutrients), osculum (or oscula), Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30) • Special Attributes of Sponges – Larvae are free swimming and attach themselves to reef/structures and begin growing into adults – Defense: needlelike spicules (Fig 5-30 in green) made of glass/calcium or some secrete toxic chemicals – Can regenerate Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish (5-33) • Phyllum Cnidaria – soft/hard corals, sea anemones, hydroids, sea fans, and jellyfish – Radial symmetry, umbrella shaped body polyp or medusa (tentacles/mouth facing up or down) – Nematocysts – stinging cells on tentacles Examples of Cnidarians Cnidarian Anatomy Speical Attributes of Corals and Anemones • Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa – 6000 species of sessile polyps (corals and anemones) – Hard corals build reefs made of calcium carbonate grow for 100+ yrs and shape entire coastlines – Feed at night on drifting plankton and look fuzzy – tentacles of genus Symbiodinium a dinoflagellate – Corals get their color from these dinoflagellates Special Attributes of Fire Corals and Siphonophores • Class Hydrozoa – colonial, alternate b/w polyp and medusa in their lifecycle • Examples: Portuguese man-of-war – Has a fish like wish the same name • Siphonophores all sting Special Attributes of Jellyfish • Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish, drift w/current, pulsate bodies to move, eat plankton + fish, grow up to 10’ long, larvae blooms can cause clouds 100 mi. long, prey of Leatherbacks/fish – Examples • Box Jellyfish – Kills humans Simple Marine Worms (5-41) • 22 Phyla of 32 animal Phyla are worms (Whoa!) • You need to know 3 Phyla – Platyhelminthes – flat worms, mostly parasitic, 1 opening in body – Nemertea – semi-flat worms, carnivores, – Nemotoda – round worms, parasitic, 1 way digestive system, Simple Marine Worms (5-41) Platyhelminthes – the flat worms Simple Marine Worms (5-41) Nemertea – the ribbon worms Simple Marine Worms (5-41) Nematoda – round worms Mollusks – Bag, Scraper, and a Foot (543) • Phyllum Molluska – 100,000 species, 3 classes – Classes Gastropoda , Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda • General Characters of all Mollusks (Fig 5-46) – Mantle = muscular bag for motion/feeding – Muscular foot/tentacles, radulla are like teeth Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda • Characters: (most have 1 shell) snails, slugs, sea slugs, conch • Undergo torsion in development: body twists into a loop that rearranges organs and bring them back together into a spiral shell • Those w/o shells use toxins for defense Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia • Characters: (2 hinged shells) – no head, mantle acts as bag for filter feeding • Close shell for protection, pearls form layers of nacre (dirt surrounded by calcium carbonate) • Ex. 10,000 species of clams, oysters, and scallops Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda • Characters: (head-footed) – cuttlefish, squid, octopii • No shell, muscular foot = tentacles/arms, eyes • Siphon – water propeller • Chromatophores – color changing cells • Suckers for gripping Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57) • Phylum Echinodermata = means “spiny skin” – Exoskeleton, madreporite, water vascular system, tube feet, radial (adult), bilateral (larvae), eyespots • Examples: starfish, sea urchins, basket stars, Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57) • More Phylum Echinodermata Examples: Sand dollar, sea cucumber Crustaceans- Underwater Arthropods – (5-51) • Phylum Arthropoda – (“bugs”)1 million species, segmented bodies, jointed legs, exoskelton of chitin. – Superclass Crustacea – 2 antennae, manibiles for chewing, pair of appendages for each body segment, molt their exoskeletons Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods • Special Attributes of Class Cirripedia – Barnacles – Free swimming larvae fuses itself to hard surface – Has a carapace and uses cirri to gather food Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods • Class Copepoda – small, teardrop shaped, < 1mm (5-53) • Eat phytoplankton and zooplankton • Eaten by fish, krill, whale sharks, baleen whales • Fecal pellets recycle ocean nutrients rapidly Invertebrate Chordates (5-62) • Characters • Examples Vertebrates – 40,000 species • Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata (64) – Characters of Subphylum Vertebrata – Top of all food webs, large, fast, complex, highly developed organisms w/ 4 limbs, complex eyes – Anthropomorphism - making human things human when they are not Vertebrates (The Significance of Class Agnatha 5-64) • Jawless fish, shark/bony fish ancestor(?) where 1st three gill arches became the jaws of bony fish/sharks • Ex. Lampreys, hagfish, eels Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (565) • Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii: 1000 species, have jaws, skeleton of cartilage a swim bladder, lateral line, gill slits, energy efficient, quick, inconspicuous predator • Efficient: cartilage lighter than bone, fins sit at angles and asymmetrical tails to provide lift, elastic skin, denticles not scales, teeth grow as conveyor belt (25,000 teeth in lifetime) • Ampullae of Lorenzini for electroreception Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (569) Continued • Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii: – Most do internal fertilization, few (1-10) mature offspring – some species do lay eggs – Shark fin soup is made by catching the sharks, cutting off the fins and dumping the shark overboard – Size of your hand to 46ft (Whale shark) Subclass Elasmobranchii Subclass Elasmobranchii Bony Fish – Half the World’s Vertebrates – 25,000+ (5-73) • Characteristics of Bony Fish– Class Osteichthyes – Skeleton of bone, true jaws, scales, external reproduction (100++ eggs), fusiform shape – swim bladder (buoyancy control – get Nitrogen from bloodstream) – Lateral lines (detect vibrations – schooling and feeding), countershading (dark top, bright underside) Swim Bladder What is it? What does it do? •Internal organ – an oblong gas sack •Controls buoyancy in the water column •Filled with Nitrogen and Oxygen gas •Gas comes from 2 places: gulping or from the bloodstream References: http://www.glossop-sea-anglingclub.co.uk/webpages/venting_files/bladder1.gif Lateral Line • A system of hollow fluid filled canals • Most species can be seen externally • Allow the fish to detect motion and vibrations • Important for: – Schooling – Predator detection – Prey detection • • • References http://www.hatchesmagazine.com/images/12806.04.01.jpg http://www.amazonianfish.co.uk/images/plagioscon_squamosissimus.jpg Fusiform Structure: A type of shape….. Side view: Spindle shaped which is broader at the head and a Vshaped tail. Front view: compressed Function: reduces drag and turbulance References: http://www.fullpullsportfishing.com/images/fish/bf_tuna.jpg http://www.marinebiology.org/images/bodyshape.GIF Special Attributes of Orders Clupeiformes and Gadiformes (5-75) • Clupeiformes – Small silvery fish, low on food chain (eat diatoms) – Account for ¼ of all fish caught – Ex. Anchovies, sardines, pilchards • Gadiformes – 1/6 of fish catch but close to commericial extinction – Ex. Cods, whiting, and haddock Gadiformes Melanogrammus aeglefinus - Haddock Gadiformes Ophiodon elongatus - Alaskan Ling Cod Marine Reptiles – Cold Blood and Warm Water (5-77) • Characters: few live in ocean, cold blooded, have lungs, internal reproduction(eggs) • Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles, and caimans • Lives in estuaries, not truly a marine species Order Crocodilia – Alligators, Caimans, and Crocodiles Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs • Jaw/Snout/Nose Width – Gators and Caimans: U shaped nose, wide jaws, built for crushing turtles shells – Crocs: more V shaped nose, narrow jaws Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs • Tooth Placement – Gators: lower jaw more narrow so teeth in bottom jaw almost hidden – Crocs: upper and lower jaw the same size, top and bottom teeth interlock and show – Crocs: large 4th tooth Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles, Turtles, Snakes and Lizards • Order Chelonia (turtles and tortoises) – 7 marine species which eat plants/animals, all bycatch hazards, lay 100 – 120 eggs in dunes • Ex. Green sea turtle, Leatherback • Order Squamata – 61 sea snake species, cobra relatives, deadly venom, – Marine iguana only marine reptile – swims, dives, and is an herbivore (algae), Galapagos native Order Chelonia – Chelonia mydas (Green sea turtle) Order Chelonia – Caretta caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle Order Squamata Aipyisurus lavevis – Olive sea snake Laticauda colubrina – Banded sea snake Seabirds – At Flight Over and In the Ocean (5-81) • Characters: Class Aves – 10,000 feathered species of birds, forelimbs, 4 chambered heart, internal fertilization of eggs, • Prey on: fish, crustaceans, mollusks, Predators: sharks • Indicate marine ecosystem health, guano • Adaptations: bills, longer wings, webbed feet, Marine Mammals – Warm Blood in Cold Water (5-83) • Class Mammalia: – top of food web, need extra energy for thermoregulation, breathe air – Have myoglobin, mammalian diving reflex, flexible skin, echolocation (dolphins and whales) • Examples – Dolphins, whales, seals, sea lions Can you name these 3 pinnipeds? Special Attributes of Seals and Sea Lions • Order Pinnipedia – examples and characters – Seals: no ear flaps, hind flippers point backwards, crawls on stomach – Sea Lions: ear flaps, hind flippers can rotate hind flippers forward, sit more upright, run by pivoting – Walrus: no earl flaps, can rotate hind flippers like sea lions Special Attributes of Dolphins, Whales, and Porpoises (5-86) • Order Cetacea – fish like mammals, breathe through dorsal blow holes, no hind limbs, muscular tail, blubber • 2 suborders – use echolocation (hunting/communicating) – Mysticeti – baleen whales (humpback, gray, blue), all big b/c consume at bottom of food chain – Odontoceti – toothed whales (sperm whale, orcas, dolphins, porpoise) , keen ability to learn Special Attributes of Dugongs and Manatees • Order Sirenia (4 species, all mammals + herbivores) – Manatees – elephant relative, rare, killed by boat screws, aka “sea cow”, native to northern S. America Marine Mammals and Human Interactions • http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504784_16220011367-10391705.html