Download Chapter 7 - Miami Beach Senior High School

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►Subphylum Vertebrata
►Sharks and Rays-Teeth and Wings
►Ray-Finned Fish-Half the World’s Vertebrates
►Marine Reptiles-Cold Blood and Warm Water
►Seabirds-At Flight Over and In the Ocean
►Marine Mammals-Warm Blood in Cold Water
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-2 to 7-4
Subphylum Vertebrata
Subphylum Vertebrata
7-2
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-2 to 7-4
Subphylum Vertebrata
Subphylum Vertebrata
7-3
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 Organisms in this subphylum:
 Dominate the upper levels of almost all food webs.
 Have a dorsal nerve cord that has developed into
a spinal cord, protected by vertebrae.
 Have a head with a brain.
 Are complex, large, fast, and
conspicuous organisms.
 Includes man.
Chapter 7 Page 7-2
Subphylum Vertebrata
Characteristics of Vertebrates
7-4
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Jawless Fish - The Living Ancestors of
Sharks and Fish
Chapter 7 Pages 7-2 to 7-4
Subphylum Vertebrata
 Jawless fish, the agnathans:
 Includes two classes Perromyzontida - the lampreys, and
Myxini - the hagfish.
 May represent the ancestor of ray-finned fish and sharks.
 Scientists theorize that during the Cambrian period the first
of three gill arches on a jawless fish evolved into the first
jaws.
 Having jaws allowed vertebrates to become very successful
predators.
7-5
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-4 to 7-10
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
7-6
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Chapter 7 Page 7-4
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Characteristics of Sharks and Rays
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 Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks, rays and
their close relatives.
 Sharks and rays don’t look similar on the outside,
but share a basic anatomy that classifies them
together.
 Sharks and rays are jawed fish, that lack a
swim bladder, and have cartilaginous
skeletons - they lack true bone.
Chapter 7 Page 7-4
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Characteristics of Sharks and Rays
7-8
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays
 Sharks and rays:
 Are in the subclass Elasmobranchii.
 Are energy-efficient - don’t have to eat as
much as other organisms the same size.
Because of this they are successful predators.
 Have relatively simple cartilaginous skeletons lighter than bone; saves energy.
 Store low-density oils for buoyancy.
 Have fins or wings that sit at angles and act like
wings to provide lift.
 Skin contributes to saving energy.
 Have a “conveyor belt” of multiple rows of teeth.
7-9
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays
 Sharks and rays have other interesting
characteristics:
 Both have lateral lines – lines of sensory hair
along the length of the body that detect water
motion and vibrations.
 Unique to elasmobranchs is electroreception –
the ability to sense minute electricity created by
muscles and nerves.
 Sharks and rays have organs called ampullae of
Lorenzini which you can see as visible pits near
their snouts used to detect the electrical current.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays
Shark Anatomy
7 - 11
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays
 Elasmobranchs differ in their reproductive strategy.
 Sharks and rays produce fewer, but more mature offspring.
 Most fertilize their eggs internally.
 The male deposits sperm in the female via a pair of
copulatory organs called claspers found at the base of
the pelvic fins.
 The female lays an egg case in which the juveniles
develop for up to six months at which time one or more
sharks or rays emerge.
 A few shark species are ovoviviparous – the eggs hatch
within the mother’s body.
 They give birth to live young rather than egg cases.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays
Shark Claspers
On A Male
Shark Egg Case
From An Oviparous Species
7 - 13
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays
 Small and large sharks.
 Most sharks are not “man-eaters.” Many species of sharks
are small.
 Shark size ranges from hand-sized to the
whale shark – the largest fish in the ocean.
 Whale sharks can reach 14 meters (46 feet).
 Basking sharks can reach 10 meters (33 feet).
 Megamouth sharks can reach 6 meters (20 feet).
 All three of these large sharks are filter feeders that
consume plankton.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-5 to 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Sharks and Rays
Horned Shark
This California species is
less than two feet long as
an adult.
Whale Shark
The largest fish in the ocean.
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 The shark family Lamnidae are famous for their size and
abilities.
 Family includes makos, porbeagles and great whites.
 These sharks:
 Are partially warm-blooded - large powerful muscles.
 Have efficient swimming shapes.
 Are at the top of the food web - an apex predator.
 Are in danger of extinction from man.
Chapter 7 Page 7-8
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
The Predators’ Predator
Mako
Great White
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Special Attributes of Rays
Manta Ray
Chapter 7 Page 9
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
 Superorder Batidoidimorpha of subclass
Elasmobranchii consists of the rays, which includes
skates, mantas and guitarfish.
Stingrays
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 Rays:
 Have an anatomy well suited to life on sandy
bottoms or midwater.
 Are specially adapted to life in midwater are the
eagle ray and manta ray.
 Have pectoral fin “wings” that stretch forward over
the gills and are fused to the sides of the head.
 Shoulder girdles are flattened and many bones
are fused together for rigidity.
Chapter 7 Page 7-9
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Rays
7 - 18
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 Rays:
 No longer need a tail for swimming, the tail has
become a defensive whip in some species.
 Literally fly through the water.
 Include the mantas with wingspans exceeding 8
meters (26 feet). Mantas
feed on plankton like
many other larger
organisms in the ocean.
Chapter 7 Page 7-9
Sharks and Rays - Teeth and Wings
Special Attributes of Rays
Eagle Ray
7 - 19
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-16
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s
Vertebrates
7 - 20
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
 Superclass Osteichthes and Class Actinopterygii are the
“bony” or “ray-fin” fish.
 They are jawed fish with bone skeletons.
 Most have a swim bladder and scales.
 Most control buoyancy by adding or releasing gas to/from
their swim bladder.
 They control the swim bladders with oxygen gas
exchanged to and from blood circulation.
 Many have a special organ called the gas gland and the
rete mirabile that take up gases from the bloodstream
for the swim bladder.
 This allows many species to hover nearly motionless in
midwater.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
 Most ray-finned fish reproduce externally.
 The female lays her eggs, usually in vast numbers
that can reach millions in some cases.
 The male immediately fertilizes them.
 Some species protect the eggs and juveniles,
others leave larvae to fend for themselves as
plankton.
 The strategy here is to produce a vast number of
off-spring with only a few expected to survive to
maturity. Contrast this with elasmobranchs.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
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Basic Ray-Finned
Fish Anatomy
Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
 Ray-finned fish have characteristics for life on the
reef and for life in the open ocean:
 Ray-finned fish have lateral lines that detect water
motion and vibrations.
 Most open ocean and schooling fish are relatively
similar in shape and coloration.
 Fusiform shape - spindle form, broader at the
head, and V-shaped tail. As in tuna.
 Countershaded for concealment - dark on top,
light on the bottom.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
Fast Fish
Tuna adapted to the open ocean life.
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 Ray-finned fish have adapted to many diverse
bottom and reef habitats as well as midwater
habitats.
 Survival strategies are likewise diverse concealment, armor and fast swimming.
 For protection, reef and bottom species have far
more diversity in color, shape, and size than
midwater fish.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
Angelfish
Tall narrow bodies. They can turn
quickly and maneuver down into
narrow cracks to hunt prey and
escape predators.
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Founder
Flat body for
living concealed
on the bottom.
Moray Eel
Elongated, snake-like body
for living in crevices and
small caves
Squirrel Fish
A nocturnal fish with
a red color that helps
it remain concealed at
night.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-11 to 7-13
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Characteristics of Ray-Finned Fish
7 - 28
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-14 to 7-15
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Special Attributes of Orders
Clupeiformes and Gadiformes
 Two orders in class Actinopterygii have an important
place in worldwide fisheries.
 Order Clupeiformes which includes herrings, pilchards,
sardines, and anchovies.
 About one-quarter of all fish caught come from this order.
 Order Gadiformes which includes cods, pollocks, haddock,
whitings, and their relatives.
 This order continues to produce about a sixth of the
world’s fish catch.
 Alaskan pollack, the haddock and whitings have become
important fisheries.
 Historically, worldwide fisheries have influenced politics and
caused wars.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-14 to 7-15
Ray-Finned Fish - Half the World’s Vertebrates
Special Attributes of Orders
Clupeiformes and Gadiformes
Clupeiformes
Anchovies
Gadiformes
Cod
Gadiformes
Haddock
Gadiformes
Pollock
7 - 30
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-16 to 7-19
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and
Warm Water
7 - 31
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Chapter 7 Page 7-16
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Characteristics of Reptiles
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 Organisms in class Reptilia mostly live on land or in
freshwater. Relatively few live in the ocean. They
have these characteristics in common:
 Are generally cold-blooded and have scales.
 Reproduce (most species) by laying internally
fertilized eggs.
 Breathe air with lungs at all stages of their lives.
Chapter 7 Page 7-16
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Characteristics of Reptiles
7 - 33
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,
Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards
 Three orders of reptiles having marine species are:
 Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles, and caimans.
 Members of this order are semi-aquatic with most living
in freshwater. Exception is the giant saltwater crocodile.
 Order Chelonia – turtles and tortoises.
 There are seven species of marine turtles – all live in
relatively warm waters. Most are endangered.
 Order Squamata – snakes and lizards.
 61 species of sea snake are true marine organisms.
Only one lizard is a true marine reptile – the marine
iguana.
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Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,
Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards
Green sea turtle.
Photo from Belize,
Caribbean.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Order Chelonia – Marine Turtles
Hawksbill turtle.
Cayman Islands,
Caribbean.
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Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,
Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards
Leatherback turtle
fitted with a tracking
transmitter.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Order Chelonia – Marine Turtles
Nesting female
sea turtle.
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Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,
Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards
Sea snakes.
True marine organisms;
known for having the most
toxic venom of any snake.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Order Squamata - Snakes and Lizards
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Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles,
Turtles, Snakes, and Lizards
Chapter 7 Pages 7-17 to 7-19
Marine Reptiles - Cold Blood and Warm Water
Order Squamata - Snakes and Lizards
Marine iguanas.
A single species of
marine iguanas, found on
the Galapagos Islands.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-22
Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean
Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean
7 - 39
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-21
Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean
Characteristics of Birds
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-21
Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean
Characteristics of Birds
 Birds are vertebrates in class Aves. They share several
characteristics:
 Feathers, unique to this class.
 Forelimbs that are wings.
 A four-chambered heart and lay internally fertilized eggs.
 Marine birds are important to the marine ecosystem:
 They are predators that consume fish, crustaceans, and
mollusks.
 In turn they are prey to marine mammals and sharks.
 They supply guano – a significant source of nutrients,
specially organic nitrogen important to sea life.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-20 to 7-21
Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean
Characteristics of Birds
 Many species of birds exhibit related adaptations
to an aquatic life:
 Webbed feet for swimming and floating on the
surface.
 Bill adaptations suited to catching their marine
prey, like the pelican’s pouch.
 The cormorant flies over water, and dives in it in
pursuit of prey.
 Birds, like the albatross, have wings and flight
characteristics adapted to long-duration flying over
wide expanses of water.
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 Penguins, order Sphenisciformes, all live in the
Southern hemisphere.
 Penguins make up about 80% of all Antarctic birds
and by far outnumber even the massive marine
mammal populations.
Chapter 7 Page 7-21
Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean
Special Attributes of Penguins
Emperor Penguins.
Adapted to a totally
marine existence.
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Chapter 7 Page 7-21
Seabirds - At Flight Over and In the Ocean
Special Attributes of Penguins
 Penguins, order Sphenisciformes, all live in the Southern
hemisphere.
 Penguins make up about 80% of all Antarctic birds and by far
outnumber even the massive marine mammal populations.
 Not all species live in cold places.
 Penguins are found on the coasts of South America, Africa,
Australia, New Zealand, and the nutrient-rich waters
surrounding the Galapagos Islands near the equator,
 They cannot fly, but they’re as at home underwater as other
birds are in the air. They:
 Spend as much as 75% of their time under water searching
for food.
 Can reach depths of 100 meters (328 feet) and deeper.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-30
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood
in Cold Water
7 - 45
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Characteristics of Marine Mammals
7 - 46
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Characteristics of Marine Mammals
 All organisms in class Mammalia share these
characteristics. They:
 Have hair on some part of the body.
 Nourish their young with milk provided by
mammary glands.
 Are homeothermic (warm-blooded) with a
constant internal temperature.
 Give birth to live young (majority of species).
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-30
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Characteristics of Marine Mammals
 The marine environment poses FIVE main challenges to
mammalian physiology:
 1. Compared to living in air, life in water demands high
oxygen consumption.
 Marine mammals meet this challenge by breathing air.
 2. There is a need to dive holding their breath for reasonable
periods. They:
 Use myoglobin, a protein, to bind reversibly with oxygen
to make it available for use in metabolism.
 Use the mammalian diving reflex – is when diving pulse
rate slows and blood flow diverts from the muscles to the
heart and brain.
 Sink or glide underwater reducing oxygen use.
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 3. The water pressure and a need to equalize.
 Marine mammals’ lungs and sinuses are very flexible,
allowing compression without pain or injury.
 Some dolphins and whales have lungs that engorge with
blood thus offsetting the compressed space.
 4. The challenge of easy movement through the dense
medium of water.
 The use of streamlining and hydrodynamics helps with
this.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Characteristics of Marine Mammals
7 - 49
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 5. The challenge of the senses. They need to hear, see, and
smell underwater.
 Dolphins and whales use echolocation (natural sonar) to
determine distance, size, density, and shape.
 Seals and sea lions have sensitive hearing and excellent
underwater eyesight. They see poorly above water, but
have a keen sense of smell.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Characteristics of Marine Mammals
7 - 50
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-22 to 7-25
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Special Attributes of Seals and Sea Lions
 The seals and sea lions belong in order
Pinnipedia.
 “True” Seals: don’t have ear flaps, rear flippers
point backward and cannot rotate forward, out of
water seals crawl on their stomachs.
 Sea Lions: have ear flaps, hind
flippers rotate, can sit upright
and run.
 Walrus: don’t have ear flaps,
hind flippers rotate, can
sit upright.
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-26 to 7-27
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Special Attributes of Dolphins, Whales
and Porpoises
 Whales, porpoises, and dolphins come from different families
organized under the order Cetacea. Cetaceans are divided into
two suborders:
 Suborder Mysticeti: a group of filter feeders made up of
baleen whales.
 Suborder Odontoceti: a group of toothed whales made up of
sperm whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are predators.
 Family Delphinidae: are the dolphins and orcas, one of
the most varied and successful groups among the
toothed whales.
 Most cetacea use echolocation and communicate by sound.
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Relative sizes
of the baleen
whales in the
suborder
Mysticeti.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-26 to 7-27
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Special Attributes of Dolphins, Whales
and Porpoises
7 - 53
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Relative size of
toothed whales in
the suborder
Odontoceti.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-26 to 7-27
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Special Attributes of Dolphins, Whales
and Porpoises
7 - 54
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Chapter 7 Pages 7-26 to 7-27
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Special Attributes of Dolphins, Whales
and Porpoises
Bottlenose Dolphins
Family Delphinidae
Orca
Killer Whale
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 Dugongs and manatees (sometimes called sea cows)
belong to order Sirenia, which has four species.
 All four are the only herbivorous marine mammals.
 Manatees are known for migrating to and from
fresh- and saltwater environments.
 Relatives of the elephant. They are endangered.
Chapter 7 Page 7-28
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Special Attributes of Dugongs and Manatees
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 Human activities have endangered marine mammals
and continue to do so.
 Whaling brought whales to the verge of extinction.
Banned or greatly limited by international
convention today, some species seem on the
rise, others do not seem to be recovering.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-28 to 7-29
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Marine Mammals and Human Interaction
Old-school
whaling
operation.
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 Human activities have endangered marine mammals and
continue to do so.
 People have hunted seals for their fur and manatees for
meat.
 Dolphins have been killed as bycatch in tuna fishing.
 Pollution and overfishing raise new threats.
 Because of their high metabolisms and energy demands,
marine mammals require highly productive environments
to survive.
Chapter 7 Pages 7-28 to 7-29
Marine Mammals - Warm Blood in Cold Water
Marine Mammals and Human Interaction
7 - 58
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