Download The Axial Skeleton Text Chapter 7

Lab 5
Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages
The Axial Skeleton
Text Chapter 6
Text Chapter 7
Overview of the Skeleton
Read Bone Shapes in the text (Ch. 6-2) and then test yourself on the box of numbered bones at the front of
the class. Answers are provided on a card in the box. No peeking until you've made your choices!
Examining a Long Bone
Examining the Effects of Heat and Hydrochloric Acid on Bones
Bones have both tensile and compressional strength. Tensile strength is due to collagen in the matrix and
compressional strength is due to the mineral salts (mostly calcium salts). Bones soaked in HCl lose the
mineral part of the matrix. The organic matrix (mostly collagen) remains. Bones heated to a high
temperature in the oven lose water and the organic matrix dries out.
Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone – Ch. 6 in text
The Axial Skeleton – Ch. 7 in the text
Identifying the Bones of the Skull
You are responsible for all the bones and bone parts listed on the review sheet.
a. Obtain a skull and some blunt probes. If it is a real bone skull, treat it with extreme care and put it
on bubble wrap on the lab bench.
b. Some structures have been destroyed by use over time on the real skulls and you may have to look at
the plastic skulls and the Beauchene or exploded skull for help. The lab manual and the atlas that is
packaged with your book are both good resources.
c. Return the skull to the correct box when you are finished.
Examining Spinal Curvatures – Ch 7 in text.
Examining Vertebral Structure – Ch 7 in text.
Name____________________________
Lab Section ________________
1. Label on figure: matrix, central canal, lacuna, and osteon.
neatly in the margins at the ends of the leader lines.
PRINT the labels
2. Trace the flow of nutrients from blood in blood vessels in the periosteum to an
osteocyte in a lacuna using the following terms: capillary in central canal, central
canal, lacuna, canaliculus, artery in periosteum, perforating canal. This is an
ordering question. Imagine yourself in a boat in a nutrient artery, trying to get to a
lacuna. This information is in Ch.6 but not all in the same place!
___________________  ___________________  ___________________
___________________  ___________________  ___________________
3. Describe the difference in appearance between the bone soaked in acid and the baked
bone.
Draw and label figures to illustrate a normal spinal curvature - both anterior and lateral
views, kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis. Be sure to indicate anterior (ventral) and posterior
(dorsal) where relevant. Text page 218.
For the Lab Exam
Bone Structure
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Articular cartilage
Canaliculus
Central canal
Compact bone
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
Endosteum
Lacuna
Lamellae
Medullary cavity
Nutrient arteries
Osteocyte in lacuna
Osteon
Perforating canal
Perforating fibers
Periosteum
Proximal epiphysis
Spongy bone
Trabeculae
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Explain what happens when bones
are acid-treated, and baked.
Recognize a baked and an acidtreated bone.
Identify on sawed bone:
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compact bone
spongy bone
yellow marrow
site of red marrow
periosteum
articular cartilage
Identify on bone slide or model.
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central (Haversian) canal
lacuna
lamella
canaliculi
osteon
Know the
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bones of the orbit
facial bones
bones of the cranium
bones of the calvarium or cranial
vault
Figure of Skeleton from Outline
Axial Skeleton
Identify the following bones and bone markings of the skull:
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carotid canal
coronal suture
coronoid process
cribriform plate
crista galli
ethmoid bone
external acoustic meatus
foramen magnum
frontal bone
hyoid (below skull)
inferior nasal conchae
internal acoustic meatus
jugular foramen
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lacrimal bones
lambdoid suture
mandible
mandibular angle
mandibular condyle
mandibular fossa
mastoid process
maxillae
nasal bones
occipital bone
occipital condyles
optic canal
palatine bones
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palatine processes
parietal bones
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
bone
sagittal suture
sella turcica
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sphenoid bone
squamous suture
temporal bones
vomer
zygomatic bone
zygomatic process
Identify the following bones and bone markings of the vertebral column:
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atlas
axis
body of vertebra
cervical curvature
coccyx
inferior articular processes
intervertebral foramina
lumbar curvature
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Distinguish cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Identify the following bones and bone markings of the thorax:
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body of the sternum
costal cartilages
head of rib
manubrium
neck of rib
shaft of rib
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sacral curvature
sacrum
spinous process
superior articular processes
thoracic curvature
vertebra
vertebral arch
vertebral foramen
tubercle of rib
vertebral ribs
vertebrochondral ribs
vertebrosternal ribs
xiphoid process