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IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT PEOPLES IN ASIA Lesson 1.3 ( Races) THINGS WE KNOW: Asia is the biggest continent China and India are the most populated countries Asia is rich of natural resources and HUMAN RESOURCES Home to different races LETS IDENTIFY THE RACES OF THESE PEOPLE MONGOLOID characterized by yellowish complexion, straight black hair, slanting eyes, short nose, and scanty facial hair NEGROID/CONGOID characterized by brown-black skin, tightly-curled hair, a short nose, and full lips. CAUCASIAN/CAUCASOID marked by fair to dark skin, straight to tightly curled hair, and light to very eyes, dark Questions to Ponder WHERE DID MAN COME FROM? H OW D I D T H E Y C O M E T O E X I S T I N T H E WORLD? BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF MAN TODAY’S OBJECTIVES Differentiate different ideas of man’s origin Why was Homo erectus so successful as an early hominid? Be able to briefly trace the cultural development of: • tools, fire, clothing, shelter, art What are the different cultural achievements of man in every period? ENDURING UNDERS TANDING Human beings have the natural ability to always adapt to his/her environment. The theory of evolution states that the human specie has descended from a common ancestor. Our STORY so far… Origin of the Universe and the Solar System Origin of the Earth Origin of MAN Origin of Early Life Forms HOW DID WE COME TO BE? CONFLICTING IDEAS Biblical Mythical Scientific THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Origin Myths/Cosmologies • Greek – Prometheus • Genesis Western examples Left: Prometheus and Athena Top: God and Adam JUST FOR A LAUGH… What’s the underlying message? Theories of Evolution http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php www.darwinday.org/englishL/life/beagle.html www.darwinday.org/englishL/life/beagle.ht Used by permission of Darwin Day Celebration (at DarwinDay.org), 2006 I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection. —Charles Darwin from "The Origin of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. Species" NATURAL SELECTION “Natural selection is the gradual process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment.” STAGES Primates Hominids Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens Homo sapiens sapiens EARLY PRIMATES Prosimians (65mya) Monkeys (35mya) Apes (23mya) Hominids (5mya) EARLY PRIMATES - TRAITS Common physical primate traits: • • • • • Dense hair or fur covering Warm-blooded Live young Suckle Infant dependence Common social primate traits: • Social life • Play • Observation and imitation Common Primate Traits PRE-HOMINID EVOLUTION Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 - ? A. anamensis 4.2 - 3.9 A. afarensis 4.2 - 2.5 A. bahrelghazali 3.5 - 3.0 A. africanus 3.5 - 2.5 P. aethiopicus 2.7 - 2.3 A. garhi 2.5 - ? P. boisei 2.3 - 1.3 P. robustus 2.0 - 1.0 mya Reconstruction of Australopithecine AUSTROLOPITHECUS The first Hominids, they are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3-4 million years ago. HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) HANDY MAN found in East Africa. created stone tools. HOMO HABILIS 612 cc brain 2.3 - 1.6 mya first toolmaker prognathic face, brow ridge probable meat-eater possibly arboreal discovered in 1960 by Leakeys no speech HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) BIPEDALISM 1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE Fully upright walkers Large brains and bones – Smaller teeth Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and Leave Africa for Europe and sia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ) Homo erectus 1891 - Eugene Dubois discovers H. erectus in Java Dubois calls it Pithecanthropus erectus initially, also dubbed “Java Man” finds in China called Sinanthropus dates from 1.9 mya to 27,000 years B.P. 994 cc brain size (compare to 612 for H. habilis) Photograph of Nariokotome boy, an early Homo erectus found near Lake Turkana, Kenya. HOMO ERECTUS Why was H. erectus so successful? • Less sexual dimorphism = possible pair bonds, marriage • Less hair on body = wearing of furs, other clothing • Wearing of furs = ability to live further north • Quick adaptation to environment without physical changes • Culture is main reason H. erectus was so successful • organization for hunting • ability to protect against predators • control of fire? • possible campsites • tools (Acheulean industry) Distribution of H. erectus Homo sapiens ( “Wise Human Being” considered as MODERN MAN) About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged. Homo Sapiens means “Wise Person.” This group split into two distinct groups: Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) NEANDERTHALS ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Homo sapiens sapiens or CRO-MAGNONS ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE ) NEANDERTHALS ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) • Neander Valley in Germany (1856) • Developed – – – – More efficient tools Made clothing of animal skin Cooked food Lived in caves and tents • Believed in some form of life after death • First to believe in gods and goddesses • Buried their dead Early Hut/Tent Cro-Magnon Man or Homo sapiens sapiens Another group of early men stood out during this period. Scientists nicknamed this group “Cro-Magnon man”. Cro-Magnon man lived in Europe. - They made clothing and jewelry. They invented the bow and arrow. Cro-Magnon Man or Homo sapiens sapiens - Learned to cure and store food for the long winter. - Used traps, which allowed them to catch food - Fisherman used nets woven from vines and fishhooks. - Some groups built rafts and canoes to catch bigger fish Cave Paintings Cro-Magnon man did something rather unusual. For some reason, he drew paintings deep inside dark caves, on cave walls. His paintings were added to the paintings already on the cave walls, left by other Cro-Magnon men. Homo Sapiens Neanderthals Sapiens • Theory of Evolution does NOT state that we humans actually evolve from monkeys/apes. It only states that we come from a common ancestor. • That ancestor got extinct. a.k.a. the missing link. Here’s a diagram… OUR COMMON ANCESTOR a small group breaks away from a population and begins to evolve independently of the source group THE HUMAN SPECIE A. Australopithecines africanus, afarensis, B. Hominids habilis, erectus, sapiens C. Neanderthals, Cro Magnon PRESENT DAY APES/MONKEYS • There is nothing in evolutionary theory which states a source population must go extinct in order for new species to evolve. • There is no conclusive evidence to prove that man evolved from apes. WHAT DISTINGUISHES US FROM THE APES? Physical characteristics.. Large brain size bipedalism flexible hands Small jaws Evolutionary Sequence from ape to human RECENT DISCOVERIES QUESTIONS? Recent Discoveries.... A. as of 2003 • Flores Man, coded as LB1 (Liang Bua cave) • Popularly known as the hobbits - short stature and with large feet • Found in Flores, Indonesia in 2003 • So far, 9 separate fossils of individuals have been found. Flores Man H. sapiens Liang Bua Cave • H. floresiensis was only about 1 meter in height and fully bipedal, with a very small brain size of 417cc. The skull has human-like teeth with a receding forehead and no chin. • Dwarf form of Homo erectus B. As of 2009 • Darwinius massillae • Believed to be the missing link of the human ancestry Ida (Darwinius massillae) C. as of Dec. 2010 • Fragments of the finger bone were recovered from Denisova cave in the Altai mountain range that straddles Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan. Denisovans sister group of the Neanderthals • Known as the • This "new twist" in human evolution adds substantial new evidence that different types of humans—so-called modern humans and Neanderthals, modern humans and Denisovans, and perhaps even Denisovans and Neanderthals—mated and bore offspring.