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Kirkwall Grammar School Higher Human Biology Unit 2: Physiology & Health Key Areas 5-8 Name ____________________ Class ____________________ Teacher____________________ KEY AREA 5 – Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins 5a) Arteries, Capillaries and Veins Complete the diagram 2 5b) Arteries, Capillaries & Veins Structure & Function Table Arteries Capillaries Veins Function Wall Structure Lumen Valves Divide up into How structure is related to function 3 5c) Arteries, Capillaries & Veins Wall Structure Complete the diagrams Capillary 4 5d) Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation 1. Define vasoconstriction and give an example of when it may happen? 2. Define vasodilation, and give an example of when it may happen? 5e) Exchange of Materials – Blood Plasma 1. State 4 substances found in blood 2. What is blood plasma and what does it contain? 5 5f) Exchange of materials – Tissue Fluid 1. Why is blood forced into narrow capillaries? 2. Why is blood plasma squeezed out of the narrow capillaries? 3. What is the difference between blood plasma and tissue fluid? 5g) Exchange of materials – Tissue Fluid continued 1. Which substances diffuse out of tissue fluid and into cells? 2. Which substances diffuse out of cells and into tissue fluid? 3. Where exactly does the tissue fluid return to? 6 4. What happens to excess tissue fluid? 5. What eventually happens to lymph fluid? KEY AREA 5 – Arteries, Capillaries & Veins 1. 2. Testing Your Knowledge 1 Page 163 Q’s 1-4 Quick Quiz 7 KEY AREA 6 – Structure & Function of the Heart 6a) Structure & Function of the Heart 1. What is the role of Atria-ventricular (AV) valves? 2. What is the role of Semi-lunar (SL) valves? 3. When do these valves open and close? Complete the diagram 8 6b) Cardiac Function & Cardiac Output 1. State the relationship between the volume of blood pumped through the pulmonary artery (and around the lungs) and the volume of blood pumped through the left ventricle through the aorta (and around the body)? 2. Define Heart Rate? 3. Define Stroke Volume? 4. Define Cardiac Output 5. State the Cardiac Output Equation 6. Complete the table to work out the missing values State of body Heart Rate (beats/min) Stroke Volume (ml) At rest 70 70 During exercise Suring strenuous exercise 140 80 210 90 Cardiac Output by each ventricle (l/min) 9 6c) Cardiac Cycle 1. Define the term Cardiac Cycle 2. What is the average cardiac cycle? 6d) Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (relaxing) Describe what happens during Atrial and Ventricular Diastole? 6e) Atrial Systole r (atria contracting) & Ventricle Diastole (ventricles relaxing) Describe what happens during Atrial Systole and Ventricle Diastole 10 6f) Ventricular Systole (contracting) & Atrial Diastole (relaxing) Describe what happens during Ventricular Systole and Atrial Diastole 6g) Cardiac Conducting System 1. What brings about the activities of a heart beat? 2. Where is the auto-rhythmic cells of the Sino-Atrial Node (SAN) (pacemaker) found? 3. What is the role of the auto-rhythmic cells of the Sino-Atrial Node (SAN) (pacemaker)? 11 6h) Cardiac Conducting System 1. List the 4 steps involved in the Cardiac Conducting System 2. How is the Heart Beat regulated? 12 6i) Autonomic Nervous Control of the Heart 1. Complete the diagram 2. How is the rate of the Sino-Atrial Node (SAN) (pacemaker) regulated through the Autonomic Nervous System? 13 6j) Autonomic Nervous Control of the Heart 1. What does the cardio-accelerator centre do? 2. What does the cardio-inhibitor centre do? 3. State the effect of each of the 2 pathways in the autonomic nervous control of the heart and explain why they are classed as antagonistic? 6k) Hormonal Control of the Heart Explain the impact of exercise or stress on Heart Rate 14 6l) Interpretations of Electrocardiograms 1. What is an ECG? 2. Explain the 3 distint waves of an ECG? 15 6m) Blood Pressure Changes 1. What is Blood Pressure? 2. What piece of equipment is used to monitor Blood Pressure and what are the units measured? 3. How is blood pressure generated? 4. Explain what is meant by the normal blood pressure reading of 120/70mmHg? 6n) Measurement of Blood Pressure State the steps involved in measuring blood pressure 16 6o) Measurement of Blood Pressure 1. What is hypertension? 2. State 2 diseases that could result in later life due to hypertension 3. State the 6 features of people who commonly have hypertension KEY AREA 6 – Structure & Function of the Heart 1. Testing Your Knowledge 1 Page 172 Q’s 1-4 2. What you should know Page 172 Q1-15 3. Quick Quiz 17 KEY AREA 7 – PATHOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 7a) Atherosclerosis 1. What is Atherosclerosis? 2. What is an atheroma? 3. Initially when atherosclerosis builds up, what are the atheroma’s made of? 4. After years of atherosclerosis building up, what are the atheroma’s made of? 5. What can large atheroma’s eventually lead to? 6. Label the diagram 18 7b) Blood Clotting 1. What is meant by the term blood clotting? 2. What triggers the release of blood clotting factors? 3. Which inactive enzyme do the blood clotting factors activate? 4. What name is given to the activated form of this enzyme? 5. State the blood clotting equation 6. How does fibrin help damaged cells? 7. What name is given to a blood clot? 19 7c) Thrombosis Complete the diagram 20 21 1. What can lead to the formation of a thrombus inside the lining of an artery? 2. What name is given to a thrombus that breaks loose? 3. What is Coronary Thrombosis? 4. What is a Myocardial Infarction? 5. What results from a thrombus blocking an artery to the brain? 7d) Causes of Peripheral Vascular Disease 1. What are the Peripheral Arteries? 2. What is Peripheral Vascular Disease, and whereabouts in the body is mostly affected by it? 22 3. What is Deep Vein Thrombosis, and what symptoms does the person suffer from? 4. What is a Pulmonary Embolism , and what symptoms does the person suffer from? 7e) Cholesterol Levels 1. What are lipids? 2. Cholesterol is a type of lipid, state 2 reasons why Cholesterol is important? 3. Why does there have to be a specific concentration of Cholesterol in the bloodstream? 4. Where is Cholesterol produced? 5. What are Lipoproteins and where are they found? 23 7f) Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) 1. Where are Low-density Lipoproteins produced? 2. Where in body cells are LDL receptors found? 3. Explain what happens when a molecule of LDL carrying cholesterol, attaches to LDL receptors 4. Explain the negative feedback mechanism that is triggered when there is an adequate supply of Cholesterol in the bloodstream? 5. What happens to the excess Cholesterol? 24 7g) Control of Cholesterol Levels Complete the diagram 25 7h) Excess Cholesterol State what can happen to the excess cholesterol in the blood 7i) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) 1. What role do High Density Lipoproteins play in removing excess Cholesterol? 2. Why do HDL’s not contribute to Atherosclerosis? 3. Why does the human body require a healthy balance of LDL’s and HDL’s? 4. Why is it an advantage to have a higher percentage of HDL’s in the body than LDL’s? 26 7j) Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) 1. What is Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)? 2. Explain exactly how the mutated gene affects sufferers of FH? 3. If left untreated what will happen to FH sufferers? 4. How can individuals find out if they have the FH gene? 5. How can FH be treated? 7k) Statins Describe how the following can prevent excess Cholesterol in the blood:Regular exercise Low fat diets Statins KEY AREA 7 – Pathology of CVD 1. 2. Testing Your Knowledge 1 Page 186 Q’s 1-4 Quick Quiz 27 KEY AREA 8 – Blood Glucose Levels & Obesity 8a) Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels 28 8b) Controlling Blood Glucose Levels 1. Which structure in the body detects changes in blood glucose levels? 2. State the negative feedback strategy employed by the human body when there is an INCREASE in blood glucose concentration 3. State the negative feedback strategy employed by the human body when there is a DECREASE in blood glucose concentration 29 8c) Diabetes 11. Define Diabetes 2. What is the normal glucose concentration found in the blood? 3. If untreated, what might be the range of glucose concentration found in a Diabetic? 4. Complete the table on type 1 and type 2 diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes % of all cases of diabetes First occurrence Ability of pancreatic cells to produce insulin Sensitively of cells to insulin Treatment Test 30 8d) Obesity linked to CVD & Type 2 Diabetes 1. What is a major risk factor for CVD and Type 2 Diabetes? 2. Define Obesity 3. What is BMI? 4. What BMI value indicates that someone is obese? 5. Why is BMI not a reliable method to indicate obesity? 6. What measurement would provide an accurate measurement of Body Fat? 31 7. Research the following methods to measure Body Composition:- Densitometry Skin-fold thickness Bioelectrical impedence, Waist/Hip ratio 32 8e) Treatment of Obesity 1. Which 5 factors can contribute to Obesity? 2. How can obesity be treated? 3. Explain how the energy intake in diet should be reduced to help reduce obesity? 4. Explain how exercise helps to reduce obesity 5. Explain how exercise can help to reduce Cardiovascular Disease KEY AREA 8 – Blood Glucose Levels & Obesity 1. Testing Your Knowledge 1 Page 195 Q’s 1-3 2. What you should know Page 195 Q’s 1-16 3. Applying knowledge & Skills Page 196 Q’s 1-10 4. Quick Quiz 33