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Download Part A – The Cardiovascular System Key Area 6
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Lesmahagow High School Higher Human Biology Unit 2 – Physiology and Health - Learning Outcomes Part A – The Cardiovascular System Key Area 5 – The structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins • Describe the blood flow around the body (in general basic terms) • Describe the structure of arteries and veins using the following terms: • Endothelium • Central lumen • Connective tissue • Elastic fibres • Smooth muscle • Valves • State the role of arteries, veins and capillaries • State the function of valves • Describe what happens to blood pressure as blood moves away from the heart • State what is meant by vasoconstriction and describe how it is • State what is meant by vasodilation and describe how it is caused • State the similarities and differences in composition between caused blood plasma and tissue fluid • Describe the process of the exchange of materials between tissue fluid and cells • State what happens to the tissue fluid after pressure filtration occurs • State the role of the lymphatic vessels after pressure filtration occurs Page 1 of 4 Lesmahagow High School Higher Human Biology Unit 2 – Physiology and Health - Learning Outcomes Part A – The Cardiovascular System Key Area 6 – The structure and function of the heart • • • Name the 4 chambers of the heart Name the 4 valves in the heart Describe the cause of heart sounds and how they can be heard Name the 2 blood vessels which enter the heart and the 2 blood vessels which leave the heart Identify the above structures in a diagram Describe the flow of blood in a heart State the difference in the type of blood of blood found in each side of the heart Define the terms ‘cardiac output’, ‘heart rate’ and ‘stroke volume’ State the formula for cardiac output Carry out cardiac output calculations • • • • • • • State what is meant by the cardiac cycle Define and describe what happens during atrial systole Define and describe what happens during ventricular systole Define and describe what happens during diastole Describe the action of AV and SL valves during the cardiac cycle Describe the changes in pressure during the cardiac cycle Interpret graphs of pressure changes in heart and blood vessels • • Give another name for the pacemaker Describe the action of the SAN on the cardiac muscle cells, including how this stimulates the AVN Identify SAN and AVN locations in a diagram State the role of an ECG Interpret ECG graphs in order to calculate heart rate State that the heart beat can be regulated by both nervous and hormonal control State the role of medulla and the ANS Name the 2 nerves that can release hormones State the names of these 2 hormones and describe the effect they have on the heart beat State what blood pressure is Describe how blood pressure can be measured Explain how systolic and diastolic pressure are detected State the typical blood pressure reading for a young adult State what is meant by hypertension State the link between by hypertension and coronary heart disease • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Page 2 of 4 Lesmahagow High School Higher Human Biology Unit 2 – Physiology and Health - Learning Outcomes Part A – The Cardiovascular System Key Area 7 – Pathology of cardio vascular disease (CVD) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Define the following terms: • Atherosclerosis • Atheroma State the effects of a growing atheroma on the artery and blood pressure State 4 cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis Define the following terms: • Thrombus • Thrombosis • Embolus Describe the role of clotting elements in the formation of scar tissue, using the following terms: • Prothrombin • Thrombin • Fibrinogen • Fibrin State how a stroke or heart attack can occur State what is meant by peripheral vascular disease State where in the body it can commonly occur and the conditions that can occur as a result State where cholesterol is synthesised State the type of diet that can increase cholesterol levels in the blood Give 2 reasons why cholesterol is important for cellular functions Define HDL and LDL Describe the role of HDL in the body Describe the role of LDL in the body Describe the effect of the of the negative feedback response when a cell has sufficient cholesterol levels State what a high HDL to LDL ratio may result in Describe 2 lifestyle choice which can improve the health of an individual Describe the role of ‘statins’ Page 3 of 4 Lesmahagow High School Higher Human Biology Unit 2 – Physiology and Health - Learning Outcomes Part A – The Cardiovascular System Key Area 8 – Blood glucose levels and obesity • Describe the effect chronic elevation of blood glucose levels have on both endothelium and the blood vessels • State a condition that may develop as a result of chronic elevated blood glucose levels • Name 3 diseases which can occur as a result of the above condition • Name the 3 effects of small blood vessels being damaged by elevated blood glucose levels • Describe the role of pancreatic receptors and hormones (insulin, glucagon, adrenaline) in negative feedback control of blood glucose levels • State the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes in terms of onset of condition and ability to produce insulin • State the effect of high blood glucose levels on the kidneys and the urine produced • State the test which is used as an indicator of diabetes • State the test which is used to diagnose diabetes • Describe how this test would be carried out • State 2 conditions obesity is major risk factor for • State how obesity is characterised • State what a body mass index is • State how body fat can be measured • Describe the link between exercise and diet • State how risk factors for CVD can be reduced Page 4 of 4
