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STUDY GUIDE Human Anatomy Final Exam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 38. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. The study of the body structures is known as anatomy The study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it is known as physiology The lymphatic system is also known as the immune system The body's maintenance of a balanced internal environment is called homeostasis The body cavity that contains the brain is the cranial The body cavity that contains the heart and lungs is the thoracic The body region where the appendix is located is the right iliac The body region under the stomach is the hypogastric; Superior to the umbilical region is the epigastric The body regions under the costal cartilage are the right and left hypochondriac The body cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic Lateral to the umbilical region are the right and left lumbar regions Toward the back – posterior The term that means belly side or front side is ventral Toward the front – anterior The term that means toward the body surface is superficial Uppermost or above – superior Toward the head – cranial Toward the side – lateral Toward the midline of the body – medial Lowermost or below – inferior Nearest the point of attachment or torso – proximal Away from the point of attachment or torso – distal Divides the body into top and bottom - horizontal plane Vertically divides the body right and left - sagittal plane A midsagittal plane vertically divides the body equally through the midline Frontal plane - coronal plane Separates the body top and bottom – transverse plane Cuts an organ along its length – longitudinal section Cuts an organ along its width – cross section What is the correct organic group for each substance? a. Monosaccharide - carbohydrate e. Antibodies - protein b. DNA – nucleic acid f. Cellulose - carbohydrate c. Plasma membrane channel - protein g. Steroids - lipids d. Cholesterol - lipid h. Enzymes - protein Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen Fats that tend to be liquids (such as plant oils) and are considered “better” for you are termed unsaturated Fats that are solid at room temperature (such as animal fats) and are considered the source for fatty plaque buildup in arteries are called saturated The universal energy compound used by all cells of the body is ATP Name the type of tissue for each of the following structures/processes: a. Fascia - connective n. Bone- connective b. Lining of digestive tract - epithelial o. Adrenal gland - epithelial c. Dendrites- nervous p. Peristalsis - muscle d. Peritoneum –epithelial q. Pleura - epithelial e. Conduction system of the heart - nervous r. Ligaments - connective f. Bladder wall - muscle s. Air sacs of lungs - epithelial 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. g. Cartilage - connective t. Heart wall - muscle h. Reflexes - nervous u. Capillaries - epithelial i. Blood - connective v. Stomach wall - muscle j. Artery wall - muscle w. Tendons - connective k. Neurons - nervous x. Spinal cord - nervous l. Lining of urethra - epithelial y. Adipose - connective m. Sinoatrial node - nervous z. Pericardium - epithelial Osmosis involves diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Bottom layer of epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed off are: stratum germinativum Which layer of skin insulates deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes that occur outside the body? subcutaneous Mucous membranes are found: lining cavities that opening to the exterior including the stomach The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are: mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes Which membranes are serous membranes? visceral and parietal pleura, pericardium, and peritonium Bluish skin color due to lack of oxygen is cyanosis A bruise is a hematoma Hyaline cartilage that covers bone ends and provides smooth surface that decreases friction in joints – articular cartilage Joints of the bones of the skull – sutures Lower jaw – mandible Upper jaw – maxilla Bones of cranium – frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Collarbone – clavicle Shoulder blade – scapula Breastbone – sternum Upper arm – humerus Medial lower arm – ulna Process of the ulna that forms the “elbow” – olecranon Lateral lower arm – radius Wrist bones – carpals Hands – metacarpals Fingers – phalanges Ribs – costae Vertebral column regions – cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal Pelvic bones – ischium, ilium, pubis Socket for head of femur – acetabulum Upper leg bone – femur Kneecap – patella Medial lower leg – tibia Lateral lower leg – fibula Ankles – tarsals Heel – calcaneus Feet – metatarsals Toes - phalanges Connect bone to bone – ligament Connect muscle to bone - tendon Called striated muscle, attach to skeleton, voluntary – skeletal muscle Called visceral muscle, found in the walls of hollow organs, involuntary – smooth muscle Found only in the heart, striated, involuntary, slow rhythmic contractions –cardiac muscle Where muscle attaches to less moveable bone – origin Muscle attachment to the moveable bone – insertion Decrease angle, bending – flexion Increase angle, straightening – extension Extending beyond anatomical position – hyperextension Movement around longitudinal axis – rotation Moving limb away from midline – abduction Moving a limb toward the midline – adduction Movement in a circle, cone-shaped – circumduction Lifting the back of the foot, pointing toes to ceiling – dorsiflexion Pointing toes downward – plantar flexion Thumb touches tips of other fingers – opposition Rotate laterally, turning palm anteriorly – supination Rotate medially, turning palm posteriorly – pronation Forehead muscle that raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead – frontalis Muscle that closes and protrudes lips (kissing) – orbicularis oris Muscle used during whistling and sucking – buccinator Muscle that inserts into mandible, closes jaw – masseter Muscle used for smiling – zygomaticus Muscle that originates in the sternum & clavicle, inserts into the mastoid process, and rotates head (say no!) – sternocleidomastoid 95. Muscle that produces a downward sag of the corners of the mouth – platysma 96. Muscle that adducts humerus, across chest – pectoralis major 97. Muscle used for situps – rectus abdominis 98. Muscles that raise and lower the rib cage when breathing – intercostals 99. Muscle of the upper back – trapezius 100. Lower back muscle called the “swimmer’s muscle” – latissimus dorsi 101. Buttock muscle that inserts into the femur, extends hip – gluteus maximus 102. Anterior muscle of the upper arm that flexes forearm – biceps brachii 103. Posterior muscle of the upper arm that extends forarm – triceps brachii 104. Cap of the shoulder muscle that that abducts the arm – deltoid 105. Posterior thigh muscles that flex the knee – hamstrings 106. Anterior thigh muscles that extend knee – quadriceps 107. Calf muscle, plantar flexes foot – gastrocnemius 108. Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of – brain, spinal cord 109. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of – spinal nerves, cranial nerves 110. Voluntary nervous system, skeletal muscles – somatic nervous system 111. Involuntary nervous system, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands – autonomic nervous system (ANS) a. stress: fight or flight – sympathetic division b. relax: rest and digest – parasympathetic division 112. Nerve cell, conducts impulses– neuron 113. Chemicals released into the gaps between neurons – neurotransmitters 114. Gap between neurons – synapse 115. Fatty, white axon covering, insulates to speed transmission – myelin 116. Gaps in the myelin sheath – nodes of Ranvier 117. Lobes of the brain – frontal lobe, parietal lobes, occipital lobe, temporal lobes 118. Outermost cerebrum – cerebral cortex 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 119. Part of the brain that regulates body temperature, water balance (thirst), metabolism, pleasure centers, regulates pituitary gland (endocrine system) - hypothalamus 120. Outermost tunic of the eye, thick white connective tissue – sclera 121. Transparent covering on front of eye – cornea 122. Pigmented, smooth muscle that controls amount of light entering the eye – iris 123. The hole through which light enters the eye – pupil 124. Innermost sensory tunic, contains photoreceptors – retina 125. Flexible, biconvex disc that focuses light on the retina – lens 126. Short, narrow canal through the temporal bone – external auditory meatus (canal) 127. Eardrum – tympanic membrane 128. Links the middle ear cavity to throat – eustachian tube 129. Urine production is called diuresis 130. The digestive organ that also serves as an endocrine gland by secreting insulin and glucagon is the pancreas 131. The endocrine glands located above the kidneys are the adrenal glands 132. The master gland that controls the other endocrine glands is the pituitary gland 133. Red blood cells are called erythrocytes; White blood cells are called leukocytes 134. Erythrocyte production is called erythropoiesis 135. The blood type with no antigens is – O; A antigens – A; B antigens – B 136. Rupture of RBCs is hemolysis 137. The process whereby RBCs clump is called agglutination 138. Which WBCs are granulocytes? neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils 139. Which WBCs are agranulocytes? monocytes, lymphocytes 140. A clot that breaks away from a vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream is called a(n) embolus 141. A substance that the body recognizes as foreign is a(n) antigen 142. The universal recipient has blood type is AB; The universal donor blood type is O 143. The WBCs that have granules that stain red are eosinophils 144. The WBCs that form T cells and B cells are lymphocytes 145. The WBCs that have granules that stain blue are basophils 146. The WBCs that pick up both red and blue stains so form a “neutral” color are neutrophils 147. Which blood vessels are NOT parts of the systemic circulation? pulmonary arteries and veins 148. The inner lining of the heart is the endocardium 149. The layer of the heart wall that contains cardiac muscle tissue is the myocardium 150. The outer membrane around the heart is the pericardium 151. The carotid artery is located in the neck 152. The popliteal artery is located behind the knee 153. The artery used to measure blood pressure in the arm is the brachial artery 154. The pulse points are the temporal artery, facial artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, dorsalis pedis artery 155. The pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node 156. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle 157. The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle 158. The wall dividing the two ventricles is the septum 159. Which chamber receives blood directly from the four pulmonary veins? left atrium 160. The lymph organ located in the mediastinum that programs T cells and functions at peak levels during youth is the thymus gland 161. Fluid in tissue spaces interstitial fluid 162. The major vessels transporting deoxygenated blood in to the right atrium are the superior and inferior vena cavae 163. The major vessel transporting oxygenated blood out of the left ventricle is the aorta 164. Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens 165. When the immune system overreacts to otherwise harmless antigen, it is called a(n) allergy 166. The conducting passageways of the respiratory system include the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles 167. The serous membrane covering the lungs is the visceral pleura 168. The serous membrane lining the wall of the pleural cavity is the parietal pleura 169. The superior portion of the pharynx is called the nasopharynx 170. The portion of the pharynx behind the mouth is the oropharynx 171. The inferior portion of the pharynx is the laryngopharynx 172. The adenoids are also called the pharangeal tonsils 173. Lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx are the palatine tonsils 174. Lymphatic tonsils at the base of the tongue sublingual tonsils 175. The flap of elastic cartilage that the larynx when swallowing epiglottis 176. The voicebox is the larynx 177. The throat that serves as a passageway for both food and air is the pharynx 178. The windpipe is the trachea 179. The trachea divides to form the primary bronchi 180. The smallest bronchi are the bronchioles 181. What is the carbohydrate that our digestive system cannot break down, fiber in our diet is cellulose 182. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids 183. The main function of the large intestine is water absorption 184. The muscle that controls food entering the stomach is the cardioesophageal sphincter 185. The "gatekeeper" of the small intestine that regulates food movement out of the stomach is the pyloric sphincter 186. The waves of smooth muscle contraction that push food along the GI tract is called peristalsis 187. What are the 3 sections of the small intestine? duodenum, jejunum, ileum 188. The fleshy projection of the soft palate that serves to guide food down the pharynx is the uvula 189. The membrane that covers the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity is the visceral peritoneum 190. The folds (wrinkles) inside the stomach when it is empty are rugae 191. The functional unit of the kidney is the: nephron 192. A simple rule concerning water and electrolyte regulation is water follows salt 193. Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder through the ureter 194. Urine flows out of the body through the urethra 195. Urine is propelled from the kidneys to the bladder by the process of peristalsis 196. Production of red blood cells is stimulated when the kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin 197. The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 198. The lighter external area of the kidney is the renal cortex 199. The darker, reddish-brown internal area of the kidney is the renal medulla 200. The flat, basinlike cavity medial to the hilus of the kidney is the renal pelvis 201. Swelling caused by an increase in interstitial fluid is edema 202. Large clusters of lymph nodes are found in what 3 regions? cervical (neck, axillary (underarm), inguinal (groin) 203. The organ that filters and cleanses blood, destroys old RBCs, and stores extra blood is the: spleen 204. The body’s first line of defense is the: skin and mucous membranes 205. What is produced by the skin and mucous membranes for protection: a. hydrochloric acid (stomach) b. lysozyme (tears & saliva) c. sebum (skin) d. mucus (membranes) 206. The body's "thermostat" is located in the: hypothalamus 207. Hair-like structures that propel debris away from lower respiratory passages: cilia 208. What are the four cardinal signs of the inflammatory response: heat, redness, swelling, pain 209. Any substance capable of provoking an immune response is a(n): antigen 210. The lymphocytes that produce antibodies: B cells 211. Immunity developed during bacterial and viral infections is: naturally acquired active immunity 212. Vaccines provide us with: artificially acquired active immunity 213. Which type of T cell is called a killer cell because it directly attacks pathogens? cytotoxic 214. Which type of immune response is faster and longer-lasting? secondary 215. The autoimmune disease caused by the HIV virus is: acquired autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 216. The serous membrane covering the lungs is the: visceral pleura 217. The serous membrane lining the wall of the pleural cavity is the: parietal pleura 218. Gas exchange occurs by: simple diffusion 219. One of the most important stimuli leading to increased rate and depth of breathing, as when breathing in a paper bag, is: increased carbon dioxide in the blood 220. Gas exchange between alveoli of the lungs and blood is: external respiration 221. Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells is: internal respiration 222. The wide portion at the bottom of the lungs is the: base; the top narrow portion is the: apex 223. The bases of the lungs rest on the diaphragm 224. The left lung has two lobes; The right lung has three lobes 225. The air sacs of the lungs where gas exchange occurs are the: alveoli 226. Accumulation of fluid in the lungs: pulmonary edema 227. The alimentary canal consists of the (in the correct order): oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine 228. The anterior roof of the mouth is formed by the: hard palate; the posterior roof: soft palate 229. Amylase is an enzyme found in: saliva; that digests: starch 230. The term for chewing is: mastication 231. The term for swallowing is: deglutition 232. The muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach is the: esophagus 233. The membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is the: parietal peritoneum 234. The semifluid (milkshake) stomach contents after it has been processed is called: chyme 235. The primary function of the small intestine is: food absorption 236. Pancreatic enzymes for digestion are secreted into the: duodenum 237. The main function of the large intestine is: water absorption 238. The salivary glands located under the tongue are the: sublingual ; under the lower jaw: submandibular; anterior to the ear: parotid 239. What are of the roles of liver: to convert ammonia to urea, to make cholesterol, to make bile, to detoxify drugs and alcohol 240. The elimination of indigestible substances from the body in the form of feces is: defecation 241. Sugars and starches provide sources of: carbohydrates 242. Eggs, milk, and meats are sources of: proteins 243. All of the chemical reactions needed to change food into energy is called: metabolism 244. The term for the act of emptying the bladder is: micturition 245. The hormone that acts on the kidneys to retain sodium is: aldosterone 246. The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water is: antidiuretic hormone 247. Blood with a pH above 7.45 would cause a condition known as: alkalosis; Blood with a pH below 7.35 would cause a condition known as: acidosis 248. Passing blood through an artificial kidney to remove wastes is: hemodialysis 249. Inability to voluntarily control micturition is called: incontinence 250. One of the most common bacteria to invade the urinary tract and cause urethritis and cystitis is: Escherichia coli