Download STUDY GUIDE Human Anatomy Final Exam

STUDY GUIDE Human Anatomy Final Exam
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The study of the body structures is known as anatomy
The study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it is known as physiology
The lymphatic system is also known as the immune system
The body's maintenance of a balanced internal environment is called homeostasis
The body cavity that contains the brain is the cranial
The body cavity that contains the heart and lungs is the thoracic
The body region where the appendix is located is the right iliac
The body region under the stomach is the hypogastric; Superior to the umbilical region is the
epigastric
The body regions under the costal cartilage are the right and left hypochondriac
The body cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic
Lateral to the umbilical region are the right and left lumbar regions
Toward the back – posterior
The term that means belly side or front side is ventral
Toward the front – anterior
The term that means toward the body surface is superficial
Uppermost or above – superior
Toward the head – cranial
Toward the side – lateral
Toward the midline of the body – medial
Lowermost or below – inferior
Nearest the point of attachment or torso – proximal
Away from the point of attachment or torso – distal
Divides the body into top and bottom - horizontal plane
Vertically divides the body right and left - sagittal plane
A midsagittal plane vertically divides the body equally through the midline
Frontal plane - coronal plane
Separates the body top and bottom – transverse plane
Cuts an organ along its length – longitudinal section
Cuts an organ along its width – cross section
What is the correct organic group for each substance?
a. Monosaccharide - carbohydrate
e. Antibodies - protein
b. DNA – nucleic acid
f. Cellulose - carbohydrate
c. Plasma membrane channel - protein
g. Steroids - lipids
d. Cholesterol - lipid
h. Enzymes - protein
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
Fats that tend to be liquids (such as plant oils) and are considered “better” for you are termed
unsaturated
Fats that are solid at room temperature (such as animal fats) and are considered the source for fatty
plaque buildup in arteries are called saturated
The universal energy compound used by all cells of the body is ATP
Name the type of tissue for each of the following structures/processes:
a. Fascia - connective
n. Bone- connective
b. Lining of digestive tract - epithelial
o. Adrenal gland - epithelial
c. Dendrites- nervous
p. Peristalsis - muscle
d. Peritoneum –epithelial
q. Pleura - epithelial
e. Conduction system of the heart - nervous
r. Ligaments - connective
f. Bladder wall - muscle
s. Air sacs of lungs - epithelial
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g. Cartilage - connective
t. Heart wall - muscle
h. Reflexes - nervous
u. Capillaries - epithelial
i. Blood - connective
v. Stomach wall - muscle
j. Artery wall - muscle
w. Tendons - connective
k. Neurons - nervous
x. Spinal cord - nervous
l. Lining of urethra - epithelial
y. Adipose - connective
m. Sinoatrial node - nervous
z. Pericardium - epithelial
Osmosis involves diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Bottom layer of epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are
continually rubbed off are: stratum germinativum
Which layer of skin insulates deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes that occur outside the
body? subcutaneous
Mucous membranes are found: lining cavities that opening to the exterior including the stomach
The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are: mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes
Which membranes are serous membranes? visceral and parietal pleura, pericardium, and peritonium
Bluish skin color due to lack of oxygen is cyanosis
A bruise is a hematoma
Hyaline cartilage that covers bone ends and provides smooth surface that decreases friction in joints –
articular cartilage
Joints of the bones of the skull – sutures
Lower jaw – mandible
Upper jaw – maxilla
Bones of cranium – frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Collarbone – clavicle
Shoulder blade – scapula
Breastbone – sternum
Upper arm – humerus
Medial lower arm – ulna
Process of the ulna that forms the “elbow” – olecranon
Lateral lower arm – radius
Wrist bones – carpals
Hands – metacarpals
Fingers – phalanges
Ribs – costae
Vertebral column regions – cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Pelvic bones – ischium, ilium, pubis
Socket for head of femur – acetabulum
Upper leg bone – femur
Kneecap – patella
Medial lower leg – tibia
Lateral lower leg – fibula
Ankles – tarsals
Heel – calcaneus
Feet – metatarsals
Toes - phalanges
Connect bone to bone – ligament
Connect muscle to bone - tendon
Called striated muscle, attach to skeleton, voluntary – skeletal muscle
Called visceral muscle, found in the walls of hollow organs, involuntary – smooth muscle
Found only in the heart, striated, involuntary, slow rhythmic contractions –cardiac muscle
Where muscle attaches to less moveable bone – origin
Muscle attachment to the moveable bone – insertion
Decrease angle, bending – flexion
Increase angle, straightening – extension
Extending beyond anatomical position – hyperextension
Movement around longitudinal axis – rotation
Moving limb away from midline – abduction
Moving a limb toward the midline – adduction
Movement in a circle, cone-shaped – circumduction
Lifting the back of the foot, pointing toes to ceiling – dorsiflexion
Pointing toes downward – plantar flexion
Thumb touches tips of other fingers – opposition
Rotate laterally, turning palm anteriorly – supination
Rotate medially, turning palm posteriorly – pronation
Forehead muscle that raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead – frontalis
Muscle that closes and protrudes lips (kissing) – orbicularis oris
Muscle used during whistling and sucking – buccinator
Muscle that inserts into mandible, closes jaw – masseter
Muscle used for smiling – zygomaticus
Muscle that originates in the sternum & clavicle, inserts into the mastoid process, and rotates head
(say no!) – sternocleidomastoid
95. Muscle that produces a downward sag of the corners of the mouth – platysma
96. Muscle that adducts humerus, across chest – pectoralis major
97. Muscle used for situps – rectus abdominis
98. Muscles that raise and lower the rib cage when breathing – intercostals
99. Muscle of the upper back – trapezius
100. Lower back muscle called the “swimmer’s muscle” – latissimus dorsi
101. Buttock muscle that inserts into the femur, extends hip – gluteus maximus
102. Anterior muscle of the upper arm that flexes forearm – biceps brachii
103. Posterior muscle of the upper arm that extends forarm – triceps brachii
104. Cap of the shoulder muscle that that abducts the arm – deltoid
105. Posterior thigh muscles that flex the knee – hamstrings
106. Anterior thigh muscles that extend knee – quadriceps
107. Calf muscle, plantar flexes foot – gastrocnemius
108. Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of – brain, spinal cord
109. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of – spinal nerves, cranial nerves
110. Voluntary nervous system, skeletal muscles – somatic nervous system
111. Involuntary nervous system, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands – autonomic nervous system
(ANS)
a. stress: fight or flight – sympathetic division
b. relax: rest and digest – parasympathetic division
112. Nerve cell, conducts impulses– neuron
113. Chemicals released into the gaps between neurons – neurotransmitters
114. Gap between neurons – synapse
115. Fatty, white axon covering, insulates to speed transmission – myelin
116. Gaps in the myelin sheath – nodes of Ranvier
117. Lobes of the brain – frontal lobe, parietal lobes, occipital lobe, temporal lobes
118. Outermost cerebrum – cerebral cortex
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119. Part of the brain that regulates body temperature, water balance (thirst), metabolism, pleasure centers,
regulates pituitary gland (endocrine system) - hypothalamus
120. Outermost tunic of the eye, thick white connective tissue – sclera
121. Transparent covering on front of eye – cornea
122. Pigmented, smooth muscle that controls amount of light entering the eye – iris
123. The hole through which light enters the eye – pupil
124. Innermost sensory tunic, contains photoreceptors – retina
125. Flexible, biconvex disc that focuses light on the retina – lens
126. Short, narrow canal through the temporal bone – external auditory meatus (canal)
127. Eardrum – tympanic membrane
128. Links the middle ear cavity to throat – eustachian tube
129. Urine production is called diuresis
130. The digestive organ that also serves as an endocrine gland by secreting insulin and glucagon is the
pancreas
131. The endocrine glands located above the kidneys are the adrenal glands
132. The master gland that controls the other endocrine glands is the pituitary gland
133. Red blood cells are called erythrocytes; White blood cells are called leukocytes
134. Erythrocyte production is called erythropoiesis
135. The blood type with no antigens is – O; A antigens – A; B antigens – B
136. Rupture of RBCs is hemolysis
137. The process whereby RBCs clump is called agglutination
138. Which WBCs are granulocytes? neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
139. Which WBCs are agranulocytes? monocytes, lymphocytes
140. A clot that breaks away from a vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream is called a(n) embolus
141. A substance that the body recognizes as foreign is a(n) antigen
142. The universal recipient has blood type is AB; The universal donor blood type is O
143. The WBCs that have granules that stain red are eosinophils
144. The WBCs that form T cells and B cells are lymphocytes
145. The WBCs that have granules that stain blue are basophils
146. The WBCs that pick up both red and blue stains so form a “neutral” color are neutrophils
147. Which blood vessels are NOT parts of the systemic circulation? pulmonary arteries and veins
148. The inner lining of the heart is the endocardium
149. The layer of the heart wall that contains cardiac muscle tissue is the myocardium
150. The outer membrane around the heart is the pericardium
151. The carotid artery is located in the neck
152. The popliteal artery is located behind the knee
153. The artery used to measure blood pressure in the arm is the brachial artery
154. The pulse points are the temporal artery, facial artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, radial artery,
femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, dorsalis pedis artery
155. The pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node
156. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle
157. The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle
158. The wall dividing the two ventricles is the septum
159. Which chamber receives blood directly from the four pulmonary veins? left atrium
160. The lymph organ located in the mediastinum that programs T cells and functions at peak levels
during youth is the thymus gland
161. Fluid in tissue spaces interstitial fluid
162. The major vessels transporting deoxygenated blood in to the right atrium are the superior and inferior
vena cavae
163. The major vessel transporting oxygenated blood out of the left ventricle is the aorta
164. Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens
165. When the immune system overreacts to otherwise harmless antigen, it is called a(n) allergy
166. The conducting passageways of the respiratory system include the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
167. The serous membrane covering the lungs is the visceral pleura
168. The serous membrane lining the wall of the pleural cavity is the parietal pleura
169. The superior portion of the pharynx is called the nasopharynx
170. The portion of the pharynx behind the mouth is the oropharynx
171. The inferior portion of the pharynx is the laryngopharynx
172. The adenoids are also called the pharangeal tonsils
173. Lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx are the palatine tonsils
174. Lymphatic tonsils at the base of the tongue sublingual tonsils
175. The flap of elastic cartilage that the larynx when swallowing epiglottis
176. The voicebox is the larynx
177. The throat that serves as a passageway for both food and air is the pharynx
178. The windpipe is the trachea
179. The trachea divides to form the primary bronchi
180. The smallest bronchi are the bronchioles
181. What is the carbohydrate that our digestive system cannot break down, fiber in our diet is cellulose
182. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids
183. The main function of the large intestine is water absorption
184. The muscle that controls food entering the stomach is the cardioesophageal sphincter
185. The "gatekeeper" of the small intestine that regulates food movement out of the stomach is the
pyloric sphincter
186. The waves of smooth muscle contraction that push food along the GI tract is called peristalsis
187. What are the 3 sections of the small intestine? duodenum, jejunum, ileum
188. The fleshy projection of the soft palate that serves to guide food down the pharynx is the uvula
189. The membrane that covers the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity is the visceral peritoneum
190. The folds (wrinkles) inside the stomach when it is empty are rugae
191. The functional unit of the kidney is the: nephron
192. A simple rule concerning water and electrolyte regulation is water follows salt
193. Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder through the ureter
194. Urine flows out of the body through the urethra
195. Urine is propelled from the kidneys to the bladder by the process of peristalsis
196. Production of red blood cells is stimulated when the kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin
197. The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water
is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
198. The lighter external area of the kidney is the renal cortex
199. The darker, reddish-brown internal area of the kidney is the renal medulla
200. The flat, basinlike cavity medial to the hilus of the kidney is the renal pelvis
201. Swelling caused by an increase in interstitial fluid is edema
202. Large clusters of lymph nodes are found in what 3 regions? cervical (neck, axillary (underarm),
inguinal (groin)
203. The organ that filters and cleanses blood, destroys old RBCs, and stores extra blood is the: spleen
204. The body’s first line of defense is the: skin and mucous membranes
205. What is produced by the skin and mucous membranes for protection:
a. hydrochloric acid (stomach) b. lysozyme (tears & saliva) c. sebum (skin) d. mucus (membranes)
206. The body's "thermostat" is located in the: hypothalamus
207. Hair-like structures that propel debris away from lower respiratory passages: cilia
208. What are the four cardinal signs of the inflammatory response: heat, redness, swelling, pain
209. Any substance capable of provoking an immune response is a(n): antigen
210. The lymphocytes that produce antibodies: B cells
211. Immunity developed during bacterial and viral infections is: naturally acquired active immunity
212. Vaccines provide us with: artificially acquired active immunity
213. Which type of T cell is called a killer cell because it directly attacks pathogens? cytotoxic
214. Which type of immune response is faster and longer-lasting? secondary
215. The autoimmune disease caused by the HIV virus is: acquired autoimmune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
216. The serous membrane covering the lungs is the: visceral pleura
217. The serous membrane lining the wall of the pleural cavity is the: parietal pleura
218. Gas exchange occurs by: simple diffusion
219. One of the most important stimuli leading to increased rate and depth of breathing, as when breathing
in a paper bag, is: increased carbon dioxide in the blood
220. Gas exchange between alveoli of the lungs and blood is: external respiration
221. Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells is: internal respiration
222. The wide portion at the bottom of the lungs is the: base; the top narrow portion is the: apex
223. The bases of the lungs rest on the diaphragm
224. The left lung has two lobes; The right lung has three lobes
225. The air sacs of the lungs where gas exchange occurs are the: alveoli
226. Accumulation of fluid in the lungs: pulmonary edema
227. The alimentary canal consists of the (in the correct order): oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine
228. The anterior roof of the mouth is formed by the: hard palate; the posterior roof: soft palate
229. Amylase is an enzyme found in: saliva; that digests: starch
230. The term for chewing is: mastication
231. The term for swallowing is: deglutition
232. The muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach is the: esophagus
233. The membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is the: parietal peritoneum
234. The semifluid (milkshake) stomach contents after it has been processed is called: chyme
235. The primary function of the small intestine is: food absorption
236. Pancreatic enzymes for digestion are secreted into the: duodenum
237. The main function of the large intestine is: water absorption
238. The salivary glands located under the tongue are the: sublingual ; under the lower jaw:
submandibular; anterior to the ear: parotid
239. What are of the roles of liver: to convert ammonia to urea, to make cholesterol, to make bile, to
detoxify drugs and alcohol
240. The elimination of indigestible substances from the body in the form of feces is: defecation
241. Sugars and starches provide sources of: carbohydrates
242. Eggs, milk, and meats are sources of: proteins
243. All of the chemical reactions needed to change food into energy is called: metabolism
244. The term for the act of emptying the bladder is: micturition
245. The hormone that acts on the kidneys to retain sodium is: aldosterone
246. The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water
is: antidiuretic hormone
247. Blood with a pH above 7.45 would cause a condition known as: alkalosis; Blood with a pH below
7.35 would cause a condition known as: acidosis
248. Passing blood through an artificial kidney to remove wastes is: hemodialysis
249. Inability to voluntarily control micturition is called: incontinence
250. One of the most common bacteria to invade the urinary tract and cause urethritis and cystitis is:
Escherichia coli