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Introduction to Agricultural and
Natural Resources
Introduction to Economics
FREC 150
Dr. Steven E. Hastings
Who and How?
• Who is affected by “economics”?
• How are they (you) affected?
Introduction to Economics
• Major Topics
– Definition of Economics
– Important Concepts
– Areas of Economic Activity
– Types of Economic Questions (Issues)
– Sub-disciplines of Economics
– Models of Economic Behavior
– Overview of our Economic System
– Issues in Economics
Examples!
Definition of Economics
 Many definitions exist –
 Economics is the social science that deals with allocating scarce resources to
produce good and services to satisfy human wants as fully as possible.
(Hastings)
 Economics is a social science that deals with how consumers , producers and
societies choose among the alternative uses of scarce resources in the process
of producing, consuming and exchanging good and services. (Penson et al.)
 Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services. (Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics)
 All convey the same thing - because of the limited amounts of resources
available, society (we) must make choices as to how to use them.
Important Concepts
 Economics has a number of important concepts –
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Human Wants – unlimited and variable
Resources – used to make goods and services; scarce (amount is limited relative to wants and needs); versatile,
and substitutable
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Natural and Biological Resources
Human Resources
Manufactured Resources
Technology - “ the recipe” for making goods and services from resources
Choices or Making Choices
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Opportunity Costs
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Specialization – using resources as efficiently as possible to maximize output
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Distribution (use over time and space)
Equity vs. Efficiency
Marginal Analysis
Benefits of College =
Opportunity Costs of Not Going
Economics
• Economics can be divided up many ways –
– Microeconomics - concerned with individuals or groups of individual
in our economic system: consumers, producers, etc.
– Macroeconomics – focuses on the system as a whole: taxes,
unemployment, aggregate output and income
– Or
– Positive Economics – focuses on “what is” or “what would be”
– Normative Economics – focuses on “what should be”
– Major difference is value judgements
– Or
Economics
 Sub-disciplines
 Labor Economics, International Trade, Production, etc.
 Most relevant to us  Agricultural Economics - first program at University of Wisconsin in 1909 – an
applied social science that deals with how producers, consumers and
societies use scarce resources in the production processing and marketing of
food and fiber products.
 Natural Resource Economics (Resource Economics) – the study of how the
flow of goods and services derived from natural resources is, and ought to be
managed in today’s world. ( Field, Natural Resource Economics – 2001, page
37)
Economics
 Environmental Economics – 1970’s - concerned with a myriad of
environmental issues facing society.
 Agribusiness Management – 1960’s – “.. agribusiness is a generic term that
refers to the various businesses involved in food production, including
farming and contract farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery,
wholesale and distribution, processing, marketing, and retail sales.”
(Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness)
Models of Economic Behavior
 Economists “love” models or frameworks for analysis (determining cause and
effects)!
 “In economics, a model is a theoretical construct that represents economic
processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative
relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified framework
designed to illustrate complex processes, often but not always using
mathematical techniques.” (Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_models)
 Components:
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Assumptions – things taken for granted in the model
Variables – income, prices, inputs, etc.
Hypotheses – questions to be answered
Theories – formulations of apparent relationships in the model
Empirical observations – data or facts
Interpretation – sometimes very different!
Models of Economic Behavior
 Models can be presented in words, graphs and mathematical equations.
 Examples –
 Words:
American families spend (S) more as their incomes (I) increase.
 Math:
S = f (I) or S = b * I and b is positive. (Very important today!)
 Graph:
Spending
Income
Economic Theory
Review of Graphs
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We will do a lot of graphs in this class.
Please review pages 10 – 12 of the text.
Important concepts are linear and non linear, slope of a line (positive and
negative), etc.
A Model of our Economic System
 The Circular Flow “model” of resources, products and income and expenditures illustrates
how our economy works –
 Also see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_flow_of_income
 What is missing?
The Global Economy
The Global Economy
Issues in Natural Resource
Economics and Agribusiness
– What do you think?
Issues in Natural Resource
Economics and Agribusiness
– What do you think?
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New Technologies
Land Use
Environmental Quality
Globalization
Food Safety and Quality
Effects of Macroeconomic Forces (Recession, Inflation,
Interest rates, etc.)
– Direct from the headlines!
Direct from the Headlines!
And More!
And More!
And More!
And More!
And Still More!
Summary
• We are all part of our economic system – we
are resources, consumers and producers.
• We all make “economic” decisions every day.
• Many economic factors affect our current and
future well being.
• It is important to understand our economic
system as well as possible.
• Lecture Sources: Text and Miscellaneous Materials