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Diversity of Life on Earth • Biologists have identified 1.5 – 1.8 million species: – 300,000 plants (~17%) – About 1.1 million animals (about 73%) • 60,000 vertebrates • 750,000 – 1 million insects • About 10,000 new species are added each year • Mostly insects from tropical rain forests • Estimates of the total diversity of life: ~11 million to over 100 million species Changes everyday & semester. Top 10 New Species of 2013 Table 2. Currently catalogued and predicted total number of species on Earth and in the ocean. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127.t002 Aug 23, 2011 Species Earth Ocean Catalogued Predicted ±SE Catalogue d Predicted ±SE Animalia 953,434 7,770,000 958,000 171,082 2,150,000 145,000 Chromista 13,033 27,500 30,500 4,859 7,400 9,640 Fungi 43,271 611,000 297,000 1,097 5,320 11,100 Plantae 215,644 298,000 8,200 8,600 16,600 9,130 Protozoa 8,118 36,400 6,690 8,118 36,400 6,690 Total 1,233,500 8,740,000 1,300,000 193,756 2,210,000 182,000 Archaea 502 455 160 Bacteria 10,358 9,680 3,470 652 1,320 436 Total 10,860 10,100 3,630 653 1,320 436 Grand Total 1,244,360 8,750,000 1,300,000 194.409 2,210,000 182,000 Eukaryotes Prokaryotes 0 The diversity of life can be arranged into Three domains (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms) Common Ancestor THREE DOMAINS Taxonomic categories D Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand The Prokaryotic Tree of Life Autotroph: self-feeder; normally , a photosynthetic organism, a producer; plants, some bacteria, protists Heterotroph: “other-feeders”; an organism that eats other organisms; a consumer; Many archaens, bacteria, and protists, all fungi, and animals Binary fission About 5,000 described May be 1,000 time more undescribed Domain Bacteria Ch. 27 • Related to Eukaryotic mitochondria (cellular respiration) and chloroplasts (photosynthesis). • Metabolism of respiring bacteria is very much like that of the mitochondrion. • Metabolism of cyanobacteria is very much like that of a chloroplast. • Cyanobacteria have DIFFERENT cellular respiration pathway than respiring bacteria. http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/index • The Human Microbiome Project. • Habitat: Everywhere. You Are 10% Human. 90% Bacteria. http://www.treehugger.com/green-food/you-are10-human-90-bacteria-video.html Domain Archaea Ch. 27 • Most primitive types of cells. • Earliest evolution of metabolic pathways; prokaryotes. • Most modern examples live in extreme environments (> 100 C, pH, salt.) • Related to outer cell of Eukaryotes, especially by http://archaea.ucsc.edu/ge gene structure. nomes/archaea/ Domain Eukaryota • About 1.5 billion years old • All have nucleus and mitochondria • Some have chloroplasts • Ancestry: Outer cell from Archaeans; mitochondrion from respiring bacteria; chloroplasts (plastids) from cyanobacteria. Ch. 28, 29 & 30, 31, 32,33, & 34 The Eukaryotic Tree of Life Kingdoms in Eukaryota • • • • About 1.5 billion years old Protista – single-celled or colonial. Very little cell differentiation within colonies. (e.g. algae, Volvox). Variety of structures, organelles, life styles. Fungi – saprophytes, multicellular Plantae – photosynthetic, multicellular Animalia – heterotrophic by ingestion, multicellular Four Main Varieties of Plants • Bryophytes (moss): no fluid transporting vascular system • Ferns: seedless vascular plants • Coniferophytes (conifers): seeds • Anthophytes (Flowering plants): seeds, fruits. Mosses Ferns Flowering Conifers plants Flowers seedless nonvascular Seeds Vascular tissue Multicellularity Green Algae The Division of Plants Division Number of Species Bryophyta (mosses) Psilotophyta Lycopodophyta Equisetophyta (horsetails) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers) Cycadophyta (cycads) Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Gnetophyta Angiosperm (flowering plants) 16,000 Small 1,100 15 12,000 1,000 100 1 70 280,000 Heterotrophic organisms, both single-celled and multicellular Mushroom, yeast, mold – Penicillium sp. Saprophyte, any organism that derives its nutriment from decaying vegetable or animal matter. Mushrooms, molds, and other types of fungi are the most abundant saprophytes. Certain types of bacteria, some seed plants, and some orchids are also saprophytes. Saprophytes produce enzymes that break down organic matter into absorbable nutrients. Most saprophytic seed plants derive their food in conjunction with symbiotic fungi that are attracted to their roots and convert decaying matter into nutrients. 100,000 species Divisions (Phyla) in Plant Kingdom • • • • Bryophyta – mosses Pterophyta – ferns Coniferophyta – cone-bearing seed plants Angiospermophyta – flowering seed plants – Class Monocotyledonae – leaves directly from stems – Class Dicotyledonae – leaves have a petiole (stalk) attached to stems Ancient Recent Recent 3 2 1 Major Animal Phyla: Ancient A Simple Classification Scheme for Animals Invertebrates Vertebrates (< 3%) The Nine Major Animal Phyla: 95% Invertebrates In red: radially symmetrical Phylum Porifera: sponges Phylum Cnidaria: hydra, sea anemones, and jellyfish Phylum Platyhelminthes: flukes Phylum Nematode: heartworm Phylum Annelida: earthworms Phylum Arthropoda: insects, arachnids, and crustaceans Phylum Mollusca: snails, clams, and squid Phylum Echinodermata: sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumber Phylum Chordata: the tunicates, lancelets, & vertebrates 1. Phylum Porifera: sponges ~5000 species, primarily marine, aggregates of single cells with some cellular specialization, no tissues. Sessile feeders. Asexual or sexual. Many produce toxins. Asymmetrical 2. Phylum Cnidaria: corals, jellyfish, hydra, & sea anemones (cnido – stinging nettle, scratching) Cells organized into distinct tissues Rudimentary nerve network and contractile tissue but lack true organs Nematocysts -- cnidocytes Two distinct body plans: polyp: attached; medusa: free swimming Mouth and anus are same opening Reproduce asexually (polyps) and sexually Radial symmetry 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms Development of bilateral symmetry Ability to move forward using aggregations of nerve cells, ganglia Still one gastrovascular opening True organs begin to evolve, no true coelom yet! Many are free living-planarians; some are parasitictapeworm and fluke 4. Phylum Nematode: the roundworms -~12,000 species. Advanced tubular gastrovascular cavity with two openings Advanced sensory "ganglionic brain" Lack circulatory and respiratory systems Depend on diffusion for gas exchange Most are free-living; a few are parasitic-hookworm, Trichina, dog heartworm, pinworm – elephantiasis. Not segmented yet! 5. Phylum Annelida: the segmented worms Earthworms, ringed worms, leeches Repeating segmented rings that contain identical copies of nerve ganglia Excretory structures; muscles that advanced locomotion ability Fluid-filled body cavity-coelom; involved in locomotion Development of a true closed circulatory system Evolved many rudimentary organ systemsnervous, excretory, circulatory, muscular, and compartmentalized digestive tract 5. Phylum Annelida: the segmented worms 6. Phylum Mollusca: 100,000 species including snails, clams, and squids -- Second largest phylum Have a moist muscular body without a skeletn Are found in aquatic or moist terrestrial habitats Body is protected by a calcium carbonate shell Complex, concentrated, ganglionic brain, open circulatory system 1) Class Gastropoda-snails and sea slugs 2) Class Pelecypoda- scallops, oysters, and clams 3) Class Cephalopoda-octopuses, squid,and nautiluses 7. Phylum Arthropoda: the insects, arachnids, and crustaceans a. The most numerous both in individuals and species b. Evolutionary adaptations allow them to reside in diverse environments Reside in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats c. Class Insecta-800,000 species 7. Phylum Arthropoda: the insects,arachnids, and crustaceans Evolutionary adaptations 1) Jointed legs 2) Exoskeleton for water conservation and support 3) Segmentation 4) Well-developed sensory and nervous systems 5) Efficient gas-exchange mechanisms 6) Well-developed circulatory systems Reside in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats Phylum Arthropoda: terrestrial -- the insects & arachnids 1. Class Insecta-800,000 species Have three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings; make escape from predators easier Metamorphosis eliminates competition for food between generations The importance of insects 2. Class Arachnida-50,000 species spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions Have eight walking legs Are carnivorous Have simple eyes with a single lens Phylum Arthropoda: Aquatic -- crustaceans 3. Class Crustacea-30,000 aquatic species of crabs, crayfish, lobster, shrimp, and barnacles Vary in size from microscopic to 12 feet Vary in number of appendages Have two pairs of antennae generally with compound eyes Exchange gases using gills 8. Phylum Echinodermata: sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumber Possesses an endoskeleton composed of calcium carbonate Lack a head and circulatory system Have a simple nervous system with no distinct brain Use a water vascular system for slow movement Can regenerate lost parts 9. Phylum Chordata: the tunicates, lancelets, and vertebrates Have notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill grooves, and a tail Subphyla 1) Invertebrates-lancelets and tunicates a) Lack a head and backbone b) marine habitat 2) Vertebrates-only 2.5% of all animal organisms living on Earth today Vertebrates-phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata 1. Notochord is replaced by a vertebral column composed of cartilage or bone that is used for support, muscle attachment, and protection 2. Endoskeleton allows for easier growth and mobility 3. Seven major classes Seven major classes 1. Class Agnatha- jawless fish 1) Skeleton of cartilage and eel-like shape 2) Unpaired fins, lack scales 3) Slimy skin perforated by circular gill openings 2. Class Chondrichthyes- "cartilage fishes"-sharks, skates, and rays 1) Leathery skin 2) Respire by gills 3) Have a two chamber heart 3. Class Osteichthyes- "bony fishes 1) Varied forms 2) Supplemental lungs for fresh water living 3) Fleshy fins 4. Class Amphibia-adaptations enabled the movement from aquatic to terrestrial existence- frogs, toads and salamanders 1) Bony support for the body 2) Waterproofing for the skin and eggs 3) Moist protection of the respiratory membranes 4) Development of adult lungs 5) Control of body temperature 6) Still need an aquatic habitat for reproduction 5. Class Reptilia-evolved 250 million years ago from the amphibians with complete independence from aquatic habitat- turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, dinosaurs 1) 2) 3) 4) Tough scaly skin Internal fertilization Shelled amniotic egg Skeleton modified for better support and locomotion 6. Class Aves-evolved about 150 million years ago from the reptiles and took to the air- all bird species 1) Warm-blooded 2) Four-chambered heart for more efficient circulation 3) Air sacs part of the respiratory system 4) Feathers for protection and insulation 5) Acute sensory and nervous system 7. Class Mammalia-evolved 70? million years ago from the reptiles after the extinction of the dinosaurs 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Warm-blooded Four-chambered heart Fur for insulation and protection Legs for running fast to avoid predators Mammary glands to nurse their young, who are born alive 6) Complex cerebral cortex-increased learning ability Includes egg-laying monotremes, marsupials (opossums, koalas, kangaroos) and placental mammals Associations to Learn • Prokaryote/ Eukaryote – types of cells. Presence or absence of nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts; ability to respire & photosynthesize • Eukaryotic Kingdoms – types of nutrition, presence and composition of cell walls, presence of centrioles (for flagella & cilia – all have it except Divisions Coniferophyta and Anthophyta in plant kingdom) Lab Quiz Example. Female Aedes aegypti mosquito after her bloody lunch. Class: _______.