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Name: ___________________________________ LATIN STUDY PACK TECHNICAL QUESTION [Q3] Translation [Q2] Vocabulary + Terms Past Paper LEVEL TWO LEVEL 2 Technical Questions Practice Nouns 1. What case is X in? Why is X in this case? - Dative after persuadeo / verb of giving-showing-preparing-talking - Accusative after preposition taking accusative - Ablative after preposition taking ablative 2. Give the nominative singular of X. (= what is the basic form of this noun) 3. What gender is X? How do we know this? - Usually there’s an adjective next to the noun. This will tell you the gender. 4. Explain the connection between X and the English word Y - Translate X then what Y means using the same words. 5. Change noun X into the singular/plural, keeping the case the same. Adjectives 1. X is a superlative adjective. Give the positive (basic) and comparative of this adjective. 2. X is a comparative adjective. Give the positive (basic) and superlative of this adjective. 3. Give the positive form of adjective X in the nominative masculine singular = “what is the basic form of this adjective?” e.g. biggest/maximus comes from big/magnus Verbs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. What is the subject of the verb X? (= who is doing the verb?) e.g. puella ridet = ‘puella’ What is the object of the verb X? (= who/what is having the verb done to them?) e.g. viam videmus = ‘viam’ What is the tense of the verb X? (present, imperfect was-bat, future, perfect VIT/UIT/SIT, pluperfect) Give the first person singular of the present tense of verb X (= what does verb X come from?) They like irregular/confusing ones – potuit (possum), posuit (pono) They love the eo verbs – rediit (redeo), iniit (ineo), perierunt (pereo), transierunt (transeo) Change verb X into the imperfect/present tense, keeping number and person the same. e.g. portavit > portabat (imperfect), portat (present) Give the person of verb X. (1st, 2nd 3rd person) Give the number of verb X. (singular, plural) Find a pluperfect verb. (active) –ERAT, -VERAT, -SERAT e.g. dederat, amaverant Find a present infinitive. (to… = -RE e.g. AMARE; also ESSE) Find an imperative. (-A/-E/-I or -TE, always “in speech marks”, often with ‘!’ at end of sentence) Find a negative imperative/prohibition. (NOLI/NOLITE + infinitive) Pronouns 1. 2. 3. 4. What does eum/eam/eius/ei/eo/ea/eas/eos/id come from? IS What does illum/illam/illius/illi/illo/illa/illas/illos/illud come from? ILLE What does hunc/hanc/hoc/huius/huic/hac/has/hos come from? HIC Give the nominative masculine singular of X (e.g. eum) = what does X come from (e.g. eum from IS) Adverbs 1. Find an adverb in the passage. CONTENTS 1.Verbs: Tense Page 4-6 2. Verbs: Pluperfect: recognise it 6 3. Verbs: Subject/object of a verb 6-7 4. Verbs: Give person, number, tense and 1st person singular present indicative active of a verb 7-8 5. Verbs: Find a present infinitive [including PROLATIVE] 8 6.Verbs: Find an imperative 8-9 7.Verbs: Find a prohibition [negative imperative] 9 8. Nouns: What case is it in? Dative verbs 9 9. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Ablative 9 10. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Accusative 10 11. Nouns: What case is it in? Mixed 10 12. Nouns: what gender is the noun? 10-11 13. Nouns: Change from singular to plural / plural to singular 11-12 14. Nouns: give the nominative singular of X 12 15. Adjectives: Positive, comparative, superlative 12-13 16. Adjectives: what is the nominative singular masculine positive of X? 13-14 17. Pronouns: personal pronouns 14 18. Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns 14-15 19. Pronouns: Reflexive pronoun 15-16 20. Pronouns: give the nominative singular masculine of X 16 21. Adverbs: find an adverb in the passage 16-17 EXTRA: subject/object practice 17 EXTRA: English to Latin 18-22 EXTRA: derivations EXTRA: crosswords EXTRA: Latin to English translation EXTRA: vocabulary EXTRA: terms EXTRA: practice paper [6 Nov 2014 L2] EXTRA: key points checklist for exam 23-26 27-28 29-33 34-36 36-37 38-43 44 1.Verbs: Tense Fill in the blanks in the table. Present He loves, he is loving Future He will love Amabit Imperfect He was loving Monet Perfect He loved, he has loved Amavit Monuit Reget Audiebat Cepit It Ivit/iit Erit Potuit Group 1: look for letter A after the stem. Amat Amabat Amabit Amavit 1 ‘Amavit’ means he loved. What is the Latin for he was loving?____________________________ 2 Rogavit means he asked. What is the Latin for he asks? ____________________________ 3 Nuntiaverunt means he announced. What is the Latin for they will announce? ____________________________ 4 Servavit means she saved. What is the Latin for she was saving? ____________________________ 5 Necavit means it killed. What is the Latin for it is killing? ____________________________ 6 Salutavit means he greeted. What is the Latin for he was greeting? __________________________ 7 Salutavit means he greeted. What is the Latin for he is greeting? ___________________________ 8 Salutavit means he greeted. What is the Latin for he will greet? ____________________________ 9 Dedit means he gave. What is the Latin for he gives? [dedit comes from do]_______________________ 10 Dedit means he gave. What is the Latin for he was giving? ___________________________ Group 2: E after the stem. Usually U in the perfect. Monet Monebat Monebit Monuit 1 Monuit means he warned. What is the Latin for he was warning? ____________________________ 2 Timuit means he feared. What is the Latin for he is fearing? ____________________________ 3 Terruit means he frightened. What is the Latin for he will fear? ____________________________ 4 Delevit means he destroyed. What is the Latin for he destroys? ____________________________ 5 Delevit means he destroyed. What is the Latin for he was destroying? __________________________ 6 Delevit means he destroyed. What is the Latin for he will destroy? _____________________________ 7 Terruerunt means they frightened. What is the Latin for they were frightening? ________________________ 8 Terruerunt means they frightened. What is the Latin for they will frighten? __________________________ 9 Terruerunt means they frightened. What is the Latin for they are frightening? _______________________ 10 Monuistis means you pl warned. What is the Latin for you pl were warning? ________________________ Group 3: usually S in the perfect. Regit Regebat Reget Rexit 1 Rexit means he ruled. What is the Latin for he is ruling? ____________________________ 2 Scripsit means he wrote. What is the Latin for he was writing? ____________________________ 3 Duxit means he led. What is the Latin for he will rule? ____________________________ 4 Dixit means he said. What is the Latin for he says? ____________________________ 5 Dixerunt means they said. What is the Latin for they say? ____________________________ 6 Discessit means she departed. What is the Latin for she is departing? ____________________________ 7 Consumpsit means it ate. What is the Latin for it will eat? ____________________________ 8 Misit means she sent. What is the Latin for she was sending? ____________________________ 9 Misit means she sent. What is the Latin for she is sending? _______________________________ 10. Misit means she sent. What is the Latin for she will send? ________________________________ Group 4: look for letter I after the stem. Audit Audiebat Audiet Audivit 1 Audivit means he heard. What is the Latin for he was hearing? ____________________________ 2 Punivit means he punished. What is the Latin for he is punishing? ____________________________ 3 Dormiverunt means they slept. What is the Latin for they are sleeping? ____________________________ 4 Custodiverunt means they guarded. What is the Latin for they will guard? ____________________________ 5 Venerunt means they came. What is the Latin for they were coming? ____________________________ 6 Punivit means he punished. What is the Latin for he was punishing? ____________________________ 7 Audiverunt means they heard. What is the Latin for they are hearing? _______________________________ 8 Audiverunt means they heard. What is the Latin for they were hearing? _____________________________ 9 Audiverunt means they heard. What is the Latin for they will hear? _______________________________ 10 Puniverunt means they punished. What is the Latin for they were punishing? __________________________ Group 3½: main vowel in stem changes to E Facit Faciebat Faciet Fecit 1 Fecit means he made. What is the Latin for he was making? ____________________________ 2 Ceperunt means they took. What is the Latin for they are taking? ____________________________ 3 Iecerunt means they threw. What is the Latin for they will throw? ____________________________ 4 Acceperunt means they received. What is the Latin for they are receiving? ____________________________ 5 Interfecerunt means they killed. What is the Latin for they were killing? ____________________________ 6 Cepit means she took. What is the Latin for she was taking? ____________________________ 7 Iecerunt means they threw. What is the Latin for they are throwing? ____________________________ 8 Iecerunt means they threw. What is the Latin for they were throwing? ___________________________ 9 Fecisti means you s made. What is the Latin for you s are making? _______________________________ 10 Fecisti means you s made. What is the Latin for you s were making? _______________________________ 2. Verbs: Pluperfect: recognise it Active Plupf Active Perfect stem + eram Amaveram Amav-eram Amaveras Monu-eram Amaverat Mis-eram Amaveramus Cep-eram Amaveratis Amaverant Circle the pluperfects in the following groups of verbs: Amabat amavit amaverat amabant amabit amant amaveras Monebat monuerat monuit monebis monuerant monebas manebat Regemus rexisti regebamus rexeramus mansimus manseramus regebas Audiveras audiverunt audiverant audiebant audiunt puniverunt puniverant Ceperunt ceperant ceperat fecit fecerat iecisti ieceras Ibant ierant ierunt redierant rediit exieras redibat Erat fuit fuerat erunt fuerunt fuerant erant Translate: Milites, postquam ex urbe discesserant, ad mare iverunt _____________________________________________ Servi, ubi ad urbem advenerant, laeti erant ________________________________________________________ Regina, quamquam rex necatus erat, laeta erat ______________________________________________________ 3. Verbs: Subject/object of a verb [work out carefully who’s doing the verb!] 1. regina puellas laudavit. Subject of laudavit = _______________ Object of laudavit = ____________________ 2. puella ancillam vidit. eam iuvit. Subject of iuvit = _________________ Object of iuvit = ___________________ 3. rex copias, quae plurimae erant, collegit. Subject of collegit = _______________ Object = ____________________ 4. regina, quae servos ceperat, eos liberavit. Subject of ceperat = _______________ Object = _________________ Subject of liberavit = _________________ Object = ____________________ 5. rex iratus erat. milites adesse iussit. Subject of iussit = ________________ Object of iussit = __________________ 6. rex milites convocavit. eum audiverunt. Subject of audiverunt = _______________ Object = __________________ 7. rex servos liberavit quod eum iuverant. Subject of iuverant = ______________ Object = ___________________ 8. socii oppidum, ubi id oppugnaverant, deleverunt. Subject of oppugnaverunt = ___________ Object = _________ 9. milites, postquam puellas viderunt, riserunt. Subject of viderunt = _______________ Object = _______________ 10. servus laetus erat. rex eum laudavit. Subject of laudavit = _______________ Object = ____________________ 11.servus laetus erat. pecuniam invenit. Subject of invenit = _______________ Object = ____________________ 12.dominus servos punivit quod eum oppugnaverunt. Subject of oppugnaverunt = ___________ Object = _________ 4. Verbs: Give person, number, tense and 1st person singular present indicative active of a verb Person Number Tense 1st person singular = ‘I’ 1st Singular Present 2nd Plural Future present = basic tense 3rd Imperfect Perfect indicative = not subjunctive So ‘1st person present indicative active’ means ‘what is the basic form of the verb’. 0.‘amavit’ = 3rd person / singular / perfect / from amo 1.’posuit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 2.’potuit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 3.’potuerant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 4.’posuerat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 5.’tulit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 6.’tulerant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 7.’erat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 8.’erimus’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 9.’exiit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 10.’redierat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 11.’periit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 12.’poterat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 13.’poteritis’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 14.’fuit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 15.’pepulit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 16.’vicerunt’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 17.’reliquit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 18.’coegit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 19.’coegerant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 20.’iussit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 21.’latus est’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ Pluperfect active = not passive 22.’lati erant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 23.’pellebantur’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 24.’pulsa est’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 25.’regetis’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________ 5. Verbs: Find a present infinitive [including PROLATIVE] Infinitive: -RE = to… [ama-re = to love] Amare To love Monere To warn Regere To rule Audire To hear Capere To take Ferre To carry Esse To be Nolle To not want Velle To want Ire To go N.B. PROLATIVE INFINITIVE = an infinitive following a verb. Fugere constituit = he decided to flee Me dormire iussit = he ordered me to sleep Fugere cupivit = he desired to flee Dormire voluit = he wanted to sleep Dormire amavit = he loved to sleep Dormire noluit = he didn’t want to sleep Translate: 1.Exire voluit = ___________________________________ 2. Redire noluit = ________________________________ 3.Fugere constituit = ______________________________ 4. Me laetum esse iussit = _________________________ 5.Me abesse iussit = ______________________________ 6. Puellam ferre constituit = _________________________ 7.Ludere cupivit = ________________________________ 8.Abire noluit = ___________________________________ 9.He desired to stay = __________________cupivit 10.He didn’t want to run = ___________________nolebat 11.He loved to sing = _________________ amavit 12.He decided to charge = _________________constituit 6.Verbs: Find an imperative Sing Plur Ama Amate Love! Mone Monete Warn! Rege Regite Rule! Audi Audite Hear! Cape Capite Take! Es Este Be! SPEECH: “Imperatives are always in speech marks” ! “Imperatives are usually followed by an exclamation mark!” I Ite Go! Duc Ducite Lead! Fac Facite Do! Fer Ferte Carry! Translate each of the following: 1.ride!_______________2.ridete!_____________3.festina!_____________4.festinate!________________5.i!______ 6.ite!_______7.exi!___________8.exite!__________9.peri!_____________10.perite!______________ 11.abi!___________12.abite!________________13.redi!________________14.redite!____________15.es!________ 16.este!_________17.abes!__________18.adeste!_____________19.duc!____________20.ducite!______________ 21.fac!__________22.facite!___________23.fer!__________24.ferte!_____________25.rege!______________ 26.regite!___________27.cape!__________28.capite!_______________29.veni!_________30.venite!____________ 31. rex servis clamavit, “servi, ad urbem redite!”________________________________________________________ 32. servi regibus respondit, “nos audi, o rex”___________________________________________________________ 7.Verbs: Find a prohibition [negative imperative] Sing Plur Noli nolite + inf + inf Noli/nolite is the imperative of nolo = be unwilling to… “Noli dormire!” “Nolite dormire!” “Don’t sleep!” “Don’t sleep!” A polite way of saying “don’t” 1.Rex servis dixit, “nolite abire!” ____________________________________________________________________ 2.Rex hostibus dixit, “nolite me interficere!”___________________________________________________________ 3.Rex puero dixit, “noli cantare!”____________________________________________________________________ 4.Rex puellae dixit, “noli iterum abesse!”_____________________________________________________________ 5.dea Troiano dixit, “noli Troiam redire!”_____________________________________________________________ 6.dea Troianis dixit, “nolite Troiam redire!”___________________________________________________________ 8. Nouns: What case is it in? Dative verbs Persuadeo + dative / give X to Y / prepare X for Y / say X to Y 1. puella reginae persuasit ut effugeret. What case is reginae in and why? ___________________________________ 2. puella reginae cibum paravit. What case is reginae in and why? _________________________________________ 3. regina puellae pecuniam tradidit. What case is puellae in and why? ___________________________________ 4. rex mulieri respondit “nolo abire”. What case is mulieri in and why? _____________________________________ 5. rex civibus nuntiavit “manete!” What case is civibus in and why? ________________________________________ 6. servus domino cibum dedit. What case is domino in and why? __________________________________________ 7. servi pueris cibum paraverunt. What case is pueris in and why? ________________________________________ 8. ancillae sociis aquam dederunt. What case is sociis in and why? _________________________________________ 9. cives regi persuaserunt ut se iuvaret. What case is regi in and why? ______________________________________ 10. rex civibus pecuniam tradidit. What case is civibus in and why? ____________________________________ 9. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Ablative 1. rex in aqua mansit. What case is aqua in and why? ___________________________________________________ 2. rex de montibus ivit. What case is montibus in and why? ______________________________________________ 3. piscis sub aqua habitat. What case is aqua in and why? ________________________________________________ 4. regina ex insula navigavit. What case is insula in and why? _____________________________________________ 5. regina ab agricola oppugnata est. What case is agricola in and why? _____________________________________ 6. miles pro amicis stetit. What case is amicis in and why? _______________________________________________ 7. rex sine custodibus ambulavit. What case is custodibus in and why? _____________________________________ 8.cives de morte regis audiverunt. What case is morte in and why? ________________________________________ 9. regina cum amicis ambulabat. What case is amicis in and why? _________________________________________ 10. puella in mari mansit. What case is mari in and why? _________________________________________________ 10. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Accusative 1. rex ad montes ivit. What case is montes in and why?__________________________________________________ 2.puer circum oppidum cucurrit. What case is oppidum in and why? _______________________________________ 3.rex prope flumen dormivit. What case is flumen in and why? ____________________________________________ 4.Odysseus trans mare navigavit. What case is mare in and why? __________________________________________ 5.puellae in aquam se iecerunt. What case is aquam in and why? __________________________________________ 6.propter vulnera Hector mortuus est. What case is vulnera in and why? ____________________________________ 7. per viam cucurrimus. What case is viam in and why? __________________________________________________ 8. Julius post Marcum advenit. What case is Marcum in and why? _________________________________________ 9. Marcus ante Julium advenit. What case is Julius in and why? ____________________________________________ 11. Nouns: What case is it in? Mixed 1.rex in montes cucurrit. What case is montes in and why?_______________________________________________ 2.rex in montibus mansit. What case is montibus in and why?_____________________________________________ 3.rex de montibus ambulavit. What case is montibus in and why?__________________________________________ 4.rex ad flumen contendit. What case is flumen in and why?______________________________________________ 5.rex in flumine mansit. What case is flumen in and why?_________________________________________________ 6.rex prope urbem dormivit. What case is urbem and why?_______________________________________________ 7.rex servo persuasit. What case is servo in and why?___________________________________________________ 8.rex militibus dixit, ‘salvete!’. What case is militibus in and why?_________________________________________ 9.rex trans aquam navigavit. What case is aquam in and why?_____________________________________________ 10.cives cibum regi paraverunt. What case is regi in and why? ____________________________________________ 11.rex aurum civibus tradidit. What case is civibus in and why? ___________________________________________ 12.rex aurum civi dedit. What case is civi in and why? ___________________________________________________ 12. Nouns: what gender is the noun? Favourites: Group 2 neuters (-a in plural looks like feminine) – e.g. scuta from scutum = neuter Group 2 masc in accusative (-um looks like neuter) – e.g. servum from servus = masculine Group 3 nouns masc/fem – you can’t tell from the ending what gender it is Adjective: often there will be an adjective with the noun that will tell you the gender. Remember adjectives usually FOLLOW the noun. [With some nouns the gender is obvious from the meaning: e.g. uxor = wife = feminine] NOTE it means what gender is the noun in Latin, not in English! [e.g. gladius is masc in Latin, neut in English] 1.milites templa magna deleverunt. What gender is templa? (templum comes from…) __________________ 2.milites saevi templa deleverunt. What gender is milites? (look at adjective) _______________________ 3.mulieres saevae templa deleverunt. What gender is mulieres? (look at adjective) ___________________ 4.hostes urbem magnam deleverunt. What gender is urbem? (look at adjective) ______________________ 5.hostes servum parvum ceperunt. What gender is servum? (servus comes from…) ____________________ 6.hostes comites miseros ceperunt. What gender is comites? (look at adjective) ________________________ 7.hostes coniuges miseras ceperunt. What gender is coniuges? (look at adjective) __________________________ 8.hostes coniuges miseros ceperunt. What gender is coniuges? (look at adjective) __________________________ 9.miles gladium cepit. What gender is gladium? (gladium comes from…)_____________________________ 10.miles equum cepit. What gender is equum? (equum comes from…) ______________________________ 13. Nouns: Change from singular to plural / plural to singular You need to know your tables for this one. No hiding spaces. Usually they use the accusative, but no guarantees. 1st decl puella 2nd decl m servus 2nd decl n bellum 3rd decl mf rex 3rd decl n opus Sing Plur Sing Plur Sing Plur Sing Plur Sing Plur Nom A AE US I UM A [S] ES [S] A Voc A AE E I UM A [S] ES [S] A Acc AM AS UM OS UM A EM ES [S] A Gen AE ARUM I ORUM I ORUM IS UM IS UM Dat AE IS O IS O IS I IBUS I IBUS Abl A IS O IS O IS E IBUS E IBUS 0.dominus servum punivit. Change servum to the plural. __serv-os____ 1.dominus servos punivit. Change servos to the singular. ______________ 2.regina puellam laudavit. Change puellam to the plural. _______________ 3.Romani templum aedificaverunt. Change templum to the plural. _________________ 4.Romani militibus praemia dedurunt. Change militibus to the singular. __________________ 5.Romani a Graecis oppugnati sunt. Change Graecis to the singular. ___________________ 6.Caesar erat dux militum. Change militum to the singular. ________________________ 7.Servi dominum amabat. Change servi to the singular. _____________________________ 8.Rex pecuniam servo dedit. Change servo to the plural. _______________________________ 9.Rex pecuniam puellae dedit. Change puellae to the plural. ____________________________ 10.Rex pecuniam iuveni dedit. Change iuveni to the plural. ______________________________ 11.Rex servum necavit. Change servum to the plural. __________________________________ 12.Rex ancillam necavit. Change ancillam to the plural. _________________________________ 13.Rex iuvenem necavit. Change iuvenem to the plural. ________________________________ 14.Servus puellam amavit. Change servus to the plural. ________________________________ 15.Puella servum amavit. Change puella to the plural. __________________________________ 16.Senex uxorem amavit. Change senex to the plural. [stem = sen-] _______________________ 14. Nouns: give the nominative singular of X ‘Nominative singular’ = the basic form of the noun, the one you find when you look it up in the vocabulary list 0.What is the nominative singular of servorum? ______servus________________ 0.What is the nominative singular of militum? _______miles_________________ 1.What is the nominative singular of corpora? ________________________ 2.What is the nominative singular of vulnera? ________________________ 3.What is the nominative singular of opera? ________________________ 4.What is the nominative singular of itinera? ________________________ 5.What is the nominative singular of coniuges? ________________________ 6.What is the nominative singular of comites? ________________________ 7.What is the nominative singular of militibus? ________________________ 8.What is the nominative singular of noctem? ________________________ 9.What is the nominative singular of magistros? ________________________ 10.What is the nominative singular of nautis? ________________________ 15. Adjectives: Positive, comparative, superlative Positive Clarus Bonus Magnus Malus Parvus Multus Pulcher Sacer Celer Facilis Difficilis Famous Good Big Bad Small Much, many Pretty Sacred Quick Easy Difficult Comparative Clarior, -ius Melior, -ius Maior, -ius Peior, -ius Minor, -us Plus Pulchrior, -ius Sacrior, -ius Celerior, -ius Facilior, -ius Difficilior, -ius More famous Better Bigger Worse Smaller More Prettier More sacred Quicker Easier Harder Superlative Clarissimus Optimus Maximus Pessimus Minimus Plurimus Pulcherrimus Sacerrimus Celerrimus Facillimus Difficillimus Most/very famous Best/very good Biggest/very big Worst/very bad Smallest/very small Most/very many Prettiest/very pretty Most sacred/very sacred Quickest/very quick Easiest/very easy Hardest/very difficult 1.Puella pulcherrima erat. What part of the adjective is pulcherrima? ________________ What are the positive and comparative forms of pulcherrima? Positive _______________ Comparative _____________________ 2.Puella clarior quam soror est. What part of the adjective is clarior? _________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of clarior? Positive ____________________ Superlative _________________________ 3.Puella minor quam soror est. What part of the adjective is minor? __________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of minor? Positive ___________________ Superlative __________________________ 4.Urbs maxima erat. What part of the adjective is maxima? ________________ What are the positive and comparative forms of maxima? Positive _______________ Comparative _____________________ 5.Regina pessima erat. What part of the adjective is pessima? ________________ What are the positive and comparative forms of pessima? Positive _______________ Comparative _____________________ 6.Plures milites advenerunt. What part of the adjective is plures? __________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of plures? Positive ___________________ Superlative __________________________ 7.Hic labor facilior quam ille est. What part of the adjective is facilior? __________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of facilior? Positive ___________________ Superlative __________________________ 8.Equus est minimus. What part of the adjective is minimus? ________________________What are the positive and comparative forms of minimus? Positive __________________Comparative ____________________ 9.puellae meliores quam pueri sunt. What part of the adjective is meliores? __________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of meliores? Positive ____________________ Superlative_______________________ 10.Achilles est celerior quam Hector. What part of the adjective is celerior? ___________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of celerior? Positive __________________ Superlative ______________________ 11.Helena est femina notissima. What part of the adjective is notissima? ____________________ What are the positive and comparative forms of notissima? Positive ________________ Comparative _____________________ 12.hoc templum maius quam illud est. What part of the adjective is maius? ________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of maius? Positive ___________________ Superlative _______________________ 13.illud opus difficilius quam hoc est. What part of the adjective is difficilius? _________________ What are the positive and superlative forms of difficilius? Positive __________________ Superlative______________________ 14.Achilles est miles fortissimus. What part of the adjective is fortissimus? __________________What are the positive and comparative forms of fortissimus? Positive ________________ Comparative ____________________ 16. Adjectives: what is the nominative singular masculine positive of X? Positive = basic ‘normal’ adjective, e.g. ‘good’ is the positive form of ‘better’ Nominative singular masculine = basic form of adjective, e.g. ‘BONUS’ or ‘CLARUS’ or ‘OMNIS’ [top left of table] So ‘what is the nominative singular masculine positive of melior’ = ‘what adjective does melior come from’ = BONUS 1.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of maior? _____________________________________ 2.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of peior? _____________________________________ 3.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of optimus? _____________________________________ 4.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of plurimi? _____________________________________ 5.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of minimos? _____________________________________ 6.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of celerrimus? _____________________________________ 7.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of pulcherrima? _____________________________________ 8.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of minorem? _____________________________________ 17. Pronouns: personal pronouns A person pronoun takes the place of a person: he, she, it, they Main personal pronouns: I You (s) We You (pl) He She It They They They Nom Ego Tu Nos Vos Is Ea Id Ei Eae Ea Acc Me Te Nos Vos Eum Eam Id Eos Eas Ea Gen Mei Tui Nostrum Vestrum Eorum Earum Eorum Dat Mihi Tibi Nobis Vobis Abl Me Te Nobis Vobis Eius Ei Eo Eis Ea Eo Eis [Also: ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD and HIC, HAEC, HOC when on their own.] Circle the personal pronouns in the following word list: Ego te servus hoc iam me Mitto mihi itis ei redeunt Nostrum novem vobis novum vos non nos nobilis eum tibi eis vestrum tu nobis rex mulier servum ne mei id illud servis regis hunc tui rui Circle the personal pronouns in the following sentences: 1.eam amo 2.illa me amat 3.puella eum amat 7.illam amo 8.hae me amant 12.illae te amant 5.hic puellam amat 9.nomen eius est Julia 10.pecuniam illi dedi 13.tu pecuniam huic dedisti 18. Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns Demonstro means ‘I show/point out’. 4.puella hunc amat 14.nos eas amamus 6.hanc amo 11.ego illas amo 15.praemium illis dedimus ‘Pointy’ pronouns/adjectives are: 1. THIS (or he she it) HIC, HAEC, HOC 2.THAT (or he she it) ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD 3.THAT (or he she it) IS, EA, ID Circle the demonstrative pronouns in the following word list: Hunc servus te illi eum me servo huic quem iterum non Illud puellam nos eam has habes horum abeunt eos Illas puellas vos se illorum gladiorum earum rex harum ne illam hos imus illis his viis eis illius ei eius cuius suus Circle the demonstrative pronouns in the following sentences: 1.eam amo 2.illa me amat 3.puella eum amat 7.illam amo 8.hae me amant 12.illae te amant 4.puella hunc amat 5.hic puellam amat 9.nomen eius est Julia 10.pecuniam illi dedi 13.tu pecuniam huic dedisti 14.nos eas amamus 6.hanc amo 11.ego illas amo 15.praemium illis dedimus Translate the following sentences: 1.puella puerum amat. Hic illam amat =__________________________________________________________ 2.puella puerum vidit. Eum salutavit = ___________________________________________________________ 3.puella puerum vidit. Hic eam salutavit = ________________________________________________________ 19. Pronouns: Reflexive pronoun These are used when the subject does something to themselves, e.g. elle se lave = she washes herself Nom Ego Tu - Nos Vos Acc Me Te Se Nos Vos Gen Mei Tui Sui Nostrum Vestrum Dat Mihi Tibi Sibi Nobis Vobis Abl Me Te Se Nobis Vobis ‘SE’ can only be reflexive. All the rest can be normal personal pronouns too. Reflexive: He loves himself = se amat. She gives a horse to herself = sibi equum dat Not reflexive: I love you = vos amo You love yourself = te amas I give a horse to you = tibi equum do Circle all the reflexive pronouns. Beware: every sentence has a pronoun, but not every pronoun is reflexive! 1.rex se vulneravit 2.rex me vulneravit 3.rex sibi cibum paravit 4.rex nobis cibum paravit 5.ego me vulneravi 6.ego te vulneravi 7.tu te iuvisti 8.tu me iuvisti 9.nos necare voluimus 10.vos necare voluimus 11.vos necare voluistis 12.nos necare voluistis 13.cives se liberaverunt 14.cives me liberaverunt 15.cives a se vulnerati sunt 16.cives a me vulnerati sunt 17.cives urbem sui servaverunt 18.cives urbem mei servaverunt 19.regina se necavit 20.reginae se necaverunt 21.regina te necavit Note: ‘SE’ is always reflexive 20. Pronouns: give the nominative singular masculine of X Nominative – singular – masculine = BASIC FORM OF PRONOUN Eum comes from IS Illius comes from ILLE Huic comes from HIC ipsius comes from IPSE Eodem comes from IDEM What is the basic form of each of the following pronouns: 1.eos____________2.horum____________3.illius____________4.ei__________5.ipsi__________6.hi___________ 7.earum_________8.eisdem__________9.ea_____10.hunc________11.huius_________12.huic_______13.eis_____ 14.eosdem_______15.hae_____16.illos_______17.hos______18.illas_______19.his_______20.ipsi__________ 21. Adverbs: find an adverb in the passage Adverbs: Bene Deinde Diu Fortiter Hic Iam Ibi Iterum Add extra flavour to the verb. Well Then. Next For a long time Bravely Here Now, already There Again 1. ‘Non’ – negativises verb Magnopere Mox Non Numquam Olim Saepe Semper Sic Greatly Soon Not Never Once Often Always Thus Statim Subito Tamen Tandem Celeriter Cras Forte Frustra 2.Time – tells you when it happened 4. Manner – tells you how it happened Immediately Suddenly However At last Quickly Tomorrow By chance In vain Heri Hodie Nunc Postea Quam Quoque Tum Yesterday Today Now Afterwards Than Also Then 3.Place – tells you where it happened 5. ’-ly’ in English Circle the adverbs in this passage. Olim vir fortissimus erat, Hercules nomine. Contra monstra fortiter pugnabat. Hera eum numquam amabat; semper eum necare volebat. Saepe monstra ad eum mittebat. Serpentem misit contra eum sed Hercules celeriter serpentem necavit. Hera eum iterum oppugnavit ubi iuvenis erat; eum fecit insanum et uxorem mox necavit. Tum, quod magnopere irati erant, dei Herculem diu labores difficiles facere iusserunt. Sic multa monstra necavit. Forte unum monstrum, Hydra nomine, multa capita habebat, et Hercules statim caput oppugnavit; subito tamen dua capita nova apparuerunt! Hercules iterum caput oppugnavit; iterum dua nova apparuerunt. Deinde amicus Iolaus Herculem iuvit – ibi festinavit et tandem monstrum paene mortuum erat, sed caput primum immortale erat. Id necare non potuerunt. Iam Hercules caput primum sub terram iecit. Postea ad regem festinavit. EXTRA: subject/object practice Object endings: 1st declension 2nd declension 3rd declension Singular Am Um Em Plural As Os [Es]* Basic ones *-es can be subject or object. 1.regina regem necavit. Subject of necavit? _________________ Object? _________________ 2.milites reginam ceperunt. Subject of ceperunt? _______________ Object? ____________________ 3.pueri puellas spectaverunt. Subject of spectaverunt? _____________ Object? ____________________ 4.pueri magistros iuverunt. Subject of iuverunt? _______________ Object?______________________ 5.pueri dominum viderunt. Subject of viderunt? _______________ Object? ______________________ 6.puer milites timebat. Subject of timebat? __________________ Object? ______________________ HARDER: A lot of the time the subject will be from the previous sentence or from the main sentence. 1. First, look at verb ending to work out who’s doing it. 2. Then look for a noun that might be in charge of the verb. This might be in the previous sentence. 1.regina laeta erat, quod regem necaverat. Subject of necaverat? ______________ Object?_________________ 2.regina laeta erat, ubi ancillas laudaverat. Subject of laudaverat? _____________ Object?_________________ 3.rex miser erat. reginam mortuam viderat. Subject of viderat? ______________ Object?__________________ 4.servi ad urbem iverunt. dominum invenerunt. Subject of invenerunt? ______________ Object? _______________ 5.servus ad urbem ivit. puellam invenit. Subject of invenit? ______________________ Object? ________________ 6.servus, antequam dominum oppugnavit, deos laudavit. Subject of oppugnavit?__________ Object? ____________ Subject of laudavit?_______________Object?____________ 7.servus, postquam reginam laudavit, murum aedificavit. Subject of aedificavit?____________Object?____________ Subject of laudavit?_______________Object?____________ If the object is a pronoun, try to find the noun this has replaced. 8.regina oppidum appropinquavit. id amavit. Subject of amavit?_________________ Object?_________________ 9.rex urbem appropinquavit. eam spectavit. Subject of spectavit?_________________ Object?________________ EXTRA: English to Latin Sentences There are two English to Latin Sentences. They are worth 8-9 marks out of 75 = over 10%. Marks: 1 mark per word and 1 mark for putting verb at end of sentence. Always put verb at end of sentence All the vocabulary is given to you. Use the vocabulary they give you. NOUNS: You are shown what declension the noun belongs to. Miles, militis m. [goes like rex] Pay attention to the stem [look at the genitive for this]. Nominative Accusative Ablative only. [Ablative only with a preposition.] PREPOSITIONS: You are told what case the preposition is followed by. ADJECTIVES: You are given the basic forms of the adjective. You need to look at the gender of the noun. Make sure you make the adjective agree in 1. gender 2. number 3. case VERBS: You are told what conjugation the verb belongs to. Tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect You are given the perfect tense if it is weird. Examples of how to translate: 1. The slaves attacked the queen. (4) Slave = servus, -i m. queen = regina, -ae f. attack = oppugno (1) (a) Slaves = subject plural = serv-i (b) Queen = object singular = regin-am (c) Attacked = perfect, ‘they’ = oppugno goes like amo = oppugn-av-erunt 2.The angry citizens ran out from the city. (5) Angry = iratus, irata, iratum run = curro, 3, cucurri out from = e/ex + abl citizen = cives, civis m. (a) Citizens = subject plural = civ- stem = civ-es (b) Angry = subject plural masc = civis is masculine = iratus goes like bonus = irat-i (c) Out from the city = ex takes ablative = ex (d) From the city = ablative singular = urbe (e) Ran = perfect, ‘they’ = weird perfect given = cucurr-erunt 3.The queen loves the happy farmer. (5) Queen = regina, -ae f. love = amo (1) happy = laetus, -a, -um farmer = agricola, -ae m. (a) Queen = subject singular = goes like puella =_________________ (b) Farmer = object singular = goes like puella = _________________ (c) Happy = object singular masculine = laetus goes like bonus, a, um = _________________ (d) Loves = present, she = goes like amo = _________________ =______________________________________________________ 4.The angry farmers were running from the fields. (5) Angry = iratus, a, um farmer = agricola, -ae m. run= curro, 3 from = e/ex + abl field = ager, agri m. (a) Farmers = subject plural = goes like puella =____________________ (b) Angry = subject plural ______________ = iratus goes like bonus, a, um =____________________ (c) From = e/ex + ablative =____________________ (d) From the fields = ablative plural = ager goes like servus = agr- stem = ____________________ (e) Were running = imperfect, they = curro goes like rego (3) = ____________________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 5.The soldiers will attack the big city. (5) Soldier = miles, militis m. attack = oppugno (1) city = urbs, urbis f. big = magnus, -a, -um (a) Soldiers = subject plural = goes like rex = stem milit- = _____________________ (b) City = object singular = goes like rex = stem urb- = _____________________ (c) Big = object singular feminine = goes like bonus, a, um = _____________________ (d) Will attack = future, they = oppugno goes like amo = _____________________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 6.The boys were hurrying away from the temple. (4) Boy = puer, pueri m. hurry = festino (1) away from = a/ab + ablative temple = templum, -i n. (a) Boys = subject plural = goes like servus = stem puer- = _____________________ (b) Away from = a/ab + abl = _____________________ (c) From the temple = ablative singular = goes like bellum = _____________________ (d) Were hurrying = imperfect, they = festino goes like amo = _____________________ =__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: 1. NOUNS – YOU ARE GIVEN THE NOMINATIVE AND GENITIVE FORMS, E.G. MILES, MILITIS. CHOP OFF THE –IS ENDING TO GET THE STEM. 2.NOUNS – IF THE STEM IS PREDICTABLE YOU MAY BE GIVEN A SHORTENED FORM, E.G. SERVUS, -I. THIS MEANS ‘SERVUS, SERVI’ – THE STEM IS EASY SO THEY PRESUME YOU CAN WORK IT OUT. 3.NOUNS – YOU ARE GIVEN THE GENDER, E.G. MILES, MILITIS M. = MASCULINE. YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS FOR ADJECTIVES 4.ADJECTIVES – MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE GENDER OF THE NOUN THEY ARE AGREEING WITH 5.ADJECTIVES FOLLOW THE NOUN THEY’RE WITH [except multus, omnis, magnus] 6.VERBS – IF THE VERB IS REGULAR YOU MAY JUST BE TOLD WHICH DECLENSION THE VERB IS IN: ROGO (1) = GOES LIKE AMO (1), AMARE, AMAVI TIMEO (2) = GOES LIKE MONEO (2), MONERE, MONUI DUCO (3) = GOES LIKE REGO (3), REGERE, REXI PUNIO (4) = GOES LIKE AUDIO (4), AUDIRE, AUDIVI 7.VERBS – IF THE VERB HAS ANY WEIRD BITS YOU’LL BE TOLD THEM E.G. I RUN = CURRO, 3, CUCURRI 7.The teachers punish the bad girls (4) Teacher = magister, magistri m. punish = punio (4) girl = puella, -ae f. bad = malus, a, um (a) Teachers = subject plural = goes like servus = stem magistr- = _____________________ (b) Girls = object plural = goes like puella =_____________________ (c) Bad = object plural feminine = malus goes like bonus, a, um = _____________________ (d) Punish = present, they = punio goes like audio = _____________________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 8.The men have done a difficult labour (5) Man = vir, viri m. do = facio, facere, feci labour = labor, laboris m. difficult = difficilis, -e (a) Men = subject plural = goes like servus = stem vir- = _____________________ (b) Labour = accusative singular = goes like rex = stem labor- = _____________________ (c) Difficult = accusative singular masculine = goes like rex = stem difficil- = _____________________ (d) Have done = perfect, they = weird perfect ‘feci’ =_____________________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 9.The soldiers have killed the king (4) Soldier = miles, militis m. kill = occido, 3, occidi king = rex, regem m. (a) Soldiers = subject plural = goes like rex = stem milit- =______________________ (b) King = object singular = goes like rex = stem reg- =______________________ (c) Have killed = perfect, they = weird perfect ‘occidi’ =______________________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 10.The old men are charging towards the mountain (4) Old man = senex, senis m. charge = ruo (3), rui towards = ad + acc mountain = mons, montis m. (a) Old men = _______ plural = goes like rex = stem _____- = ____________________ (b) Towards = ad + acc = ____________________ (c) [towards] the mountain = object singular = goes like rex = stem ______- = ____________________ (d) Are charging = present, they = goes like rego = ____________________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 11.The young men helped the sad woman (5) Young man = iuvenis, iuvenis m. help = iuvo (1), iuvi sad = miser, misera, miserum woman = mulier, -eris f. (a) Young men = subject ____________ = goes like rex = stem iuven- = ______________ (b) Woman = _________ singular = goes like rex = stem mulier- =______________ (c) Sad = object singular ___________ = goes like bonus, a, um = stem miser- = _____________ (d) Helped = perfect, they = weird perfect ‘iuvi’ = _____________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 12.The companions walked with their friends (4) Companion = comes, comitis m. walk = ambulo (1) with = cum + abl friend = amicus, -I m. (a) Companions = _____________________ = goes like ______ = stem ______________ = _______________ (b) With = cum + abl = _______________ (c) With friends = _____________________ = goes like ________ = _______________ (d) Walked = perfect, they = ambulo (1) goes like amo (1) = _______________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 13.The wives were fearing their husbands (4) Wife = uxor, uxoris f. fear = timeo (2) husband = coniunx, coniugis m. their = suus, sua, suum (a) Wives = case ________ number ____________ = goes like rex = stem ___________ =_______________ (b) Husbands = case________number_________= goes like rex = stem_____________ =_______________ (c) Their = case_________number_______gender______ = goes like bonus, a, um = ______________ (d) Were fearing = imperfect, they = timeo goes like moneo =_______________ =__________________________________________________________________________ 14.The husbands were fearing their wives (4) Husband = coniunx, coniugis m. fear = timeo (2) wife = uxor, uxoris f. their = suus, sua, suum _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The companions were running down from the mountain (4) Companion = comes, comitis m. run = curro, 3, cucurri down from = de + abl mountain = mons, montis m. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.The angry sailors will attack the citizen (5) Angry = iratus, a, um sailor = nauta, nautae m. attack = oppugno (1) citizen = civis, civis m. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.The slavegirls were preparing good food (5) Slavegirl = ancilla, -ae f. good = bonus, a, um food = cibus, -i m. prepare = paro (1) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.The teachers read the long books (5) Teacher = magister, magistri m. read = lego, 3, legi book = liber, libri m. long = longus, a, um ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.The messengers destroyed the big walls (5) Messenger = nuntius, nuntii m. destroy = deleo, 2, delevi wall = murus, muri m. big = magnus, a, um ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.The masters punished the bad slaves (4) Master = dominus, domini m. punish = punio (4) bad = malus, a, um slave = servus, servi m. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.The slaves killed the bad master (4) kill = neco (1) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Derivations A derivation is an English word that is made from a Latin word [or a Greek word, or an Arabic word, or whatever]. “territory” is a derivation of “terra” they both mean ‘land’ L1 Latin Meaning Derivation Altus, a, um High, deep Altitude Bonus, a, um Good Bonus, bonhomie Clarus Clear, bright, famous Clarity Iratus, a, um Angry Irate Magnus, a, um Big Magnitude, magnify Malus, a, um Bad Maleficent Miser, era, erum Wretched Miserable Multus, a, um Many multitude Notus, a, um Well known Notable Novus, a, um New Novelty, novel Perterritus, a, um Scared Terrified Pulcher, ra, rum Beautiful Pulchritude Sacer, ra, rum Sacred Sacred Tutus, a, um Safe Tutor, tutelage Validus, a, um Strong Invalid, validate Adverbs Bene Well Benediction Fortiter Bravely Fortitude Iterum Again Reiterate Magnopere Greatly Magnitude Semper Always Sempeternal Nouns 1 Feminine Ancilla Maidservant Ancillary Aqua Water Aqueduct, aquifer Dea Goddess Deity, deify Femina Woman Feminine Filia Daughter Filial Insula Island Insulate, insulation Ira Anger Irate, irascible Patria Native land Patriotic Pecunia Money Impecunious Sagitta Arrow Sagittarius Terra Land Subterranean Via Way, street Via, viaduct *Agricola m. Farmer Agriculture *Nauta m. Sailor Nautical *Poeta m. Poet Poetic, poet Nouns 2 Masculine Ager Field Agriculture Amicus Friend Amicable Deus God Deity, deify Dominus Master Dominate Equus Horse Equine, equestrian Filius Son Filial Gladius Sword Gladiator, gladiolus Liber Book Library Locus Place Location Magister Teacher, Master Magisterial Murus Wall Mural Nuntius Messenger Enunciate Puer Boy Puerile Servus Slave Servile, servitude Socius Ally Social, society, sociable Ventus Wind Air vent, ventricle Latin Vir Nouns 2 Aurum Auxilium Bellum Oppidum Templum Verbum Vinum Numbers Unus Duo Tres Quattuor Quinque Sex Septem Octo Novem Decem Numbers Primus Secundus Tertius Quartus Quintus Sextus Septimus Octavus Nonus Decimus Verbs 1 Aedifico Ambulo Amo Canto Clamo Do Habito Intro Laboro Laudo Navigo Paro Porto Meaning Man Neuter Gold Help War Town Temple Word Wine Cardinal One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Éight Nine Ten Ordinal First Second Third Fourth Fifth sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Pugno Rogo Specto Sto 2 Deleo Habeo Maneo Moneo I fight I ask I watch I stand I destroy I have I remain I warn I build I walk I love I sing I shout I give I live I enter, go in I work I praise I sail I prepare I carry Derivation Virile Au (chemistry) Auxiliary Belligerent, bellicose Oppidan Temple Verbal, verb Viniculture Unit, unify, unite Duet, dual, duel Triple, trio Quinquereme Sextuplets September October November December Primary Secondary Tertiary Quartet, quarter Quintuplets Sextuplets Octave Nonagenarian (90+) Decimal, decimate Edifice Ambulance, perambulate Amateur Incantation Exclamation Donation Inhabit Introit laboratory Laud Navigation Preparation Deport, export, import, Report, transport Pugnacious Interrogate Spectator, spectacles Station Delete [Have] Mansion Monitor, admonish Moveo Respondeo Rideo Teneo Terreo Timeo Video 3 Bibo Constituo Consumo Curro Dico Duco Lego Mitto Ostendo Pono Rego Scribo 4 Audio Dormio Venio 3.5 Capio Cupio Facio I move I answer I laugh I hold I frighten I fear I see I drink I decide I eat I run I say Move, motion, motor Respond, response Risible Tenacious Terrifying, terror Timid Visible, video Bibulous Constitution Consumption Excursion Dictate, dictator, predict, edict I lead Duke, reduce, induce Produce I read, choose Elect, select I send Mission, emit, omit I show Ostentatious I put Position I rule Regal, regicide I write Scribble, script I hear Audience I sleep Dormitory I come Advent, convent, prevent I take Capture I desire Cupid, cupidinous I make, do Factory, effective, Infect, defect, perfect I am away Absent *Absum Pronouns Ego/me I/me Ego Question Words Ubi? Where? Ubiquitous LEVEL TWO Adjectives Ceteri, ae, a The rest of (pl) Et cetera Longus, a, um Long Longitude Medius, a, um Middle (of) Median, medium Mortuus, a, um Dead Mortal, immortal Pauci, ae, a Few Paucity Solus, a um Alone Solo, Solitude Vivus, a, um Alive Vivisection Facilis, e Easy Facile Fortis, e Strong, brave Fortitude Nobilis, e Noble Nobility Omnis,e All, every Omnivore, omnibus, omniscient Audax, acis Bold Audacity Felix, icis Lucky Felicity Prepositions Cum With Con-: confer, convene In In, on, into, onto In-: internal De Down from, about De-: descend Ad Towards Advert Contra Against Contravene Per Through, along Perspex Trans Across Transport, transfer, translate Ante Before Antedate, a.m. Circum Around Circumnavigate, circle Inter Among International Post After Postdate, p.m. Super Above supernatural Sub Nouns 1 Copiae (pl) Mora Nouns 2 Arma (pl) Donum Nouns 3 Civis Clamor Comes c. Coniunx c. Dux Frater Homo Hostes (pl) Iuvenis Miles, militMons Parens Pater Rex, regis Senex, senis Lux, lucis Mater Mors, mortis Navis Pars Soror Urbs Virtus Vox Corpus, corporIter, itinerMare Nomen, nominVulnus, vulnerVerbs 1 Erro Exspecto Libero Narro Nuntio Occupo Saluto Vulnero 3 Colligo Defendo Occido Reduco Trado Vinco 4 Advenio Punio 3.5 Accipio Conspicio *Exeo *Possum *Pereo *Transeo Under Submarine, subterranean feminine Forces (pl) Copious delay Moratorium Neuter Weapons (pl) Armour gift Donation Citizen Shout Companion Wife, husband Leader Brother Man, person Enemy Young man Soldier Mountain Parent Father King Old man Light Mother Death Ship Part Sister City Courage Voice Body Journey Sea Name Wound Civilian, civil Clamour [concomitant] Conjugal Duke, induce, reduce Fraternal homicide hostile Juvenile military Montane Parental Paternal, patricide Regal, regent Senile Translucent Maternal Mortal, immortal Navy, Naval Part, partial Sorority Urban, suburban, urbane Virtuous Vocal corporal Itinerary Marine, maritime Nominate vulnerable I wander I wait for I set free I tell I announce I seize I greet I wound I collect I defend I kill I lead back I hand over I conquer I arrive I punish I receive I catch sight of I go out I am able I perish I go across Error, erratum Expectation Liberate, liberty Narrate, narrator Enunciate Occupation Salutation Vulnerable Collection Defense Regi-cide, patri-cide Reduce, reduction Trade, tradition Victory, victim Advent, adventure Punitive, punish Accept Conspicuous, inspect Exit Possible Perish Transit LEVEL THREE Alius/a/ud Celer, ris, re Superbus, a, um Totus, a, um Nouns 1 Hora 2m Annus Somnus 2n Praemium 3m Custos Labor Princeps 3f Gens Nox Tempestas 3n Animal Adjectives Other Quick Proud whole Alien, alias Accelerate superb Total Hour Year Sleep Reward Guard Work Chief Race Night Storm Animal Hour Annual Somniferous Premium Custodian, custody Laborious principal Gentile Nocturnal Tempestuous Animal Opus Work 5 Dies Day Fides Trust, faith, belief Verbs 1 Impero +dat I order 2 Persuadeo I persuade Credo + dat I believe Pello I drive Peto I seek Relinquo I leave 4 Convenio I meet Custodio I guard *Fero I carry Latus *Volo Carried I want Opera, operation diurnal Fido, fidelity Imperious, emperor Persuasive Credit, credible Expel, repel, impel Repeat, compete Relinquish, relic Convene Custody, custodian Transfer, refer, defer confer, prefer Translate, relate voluntary Practice derivation questions A ‘derivation’ is a word that is taken directly from another language. A ‘derivation’ will look like the Latin word, e.g. ‘puerile’ is a derivation of puer. A ‘derivation’ will have a meaning similar to the Latin word. In the exam you need to do two things: (i) (ii) (iii) Translate the Latin word, e.g. ‘puer’ = boy Use the same word, e.g. ‘boy’ when you explain what the English word means [you can provide an example of the word in a sentence if you want to play safe] L1 Example: Translate the Latin word ‘pueri’ and explain why ‘puerile’ is a derivation of it ___ ‘pueri’ means ‘boys’ __ ‘puerile’ means behaving like a boy_ 1.Translate the Latin word ‘terra’ and explain why ‘subterranean’ is a derivation of it ‘terra’ means _____________ and ‘subterranean’ _____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2.Translate the Latin word ‘gladius’ and explain why ‘gladiator’ is a derivation of it ‘gladius’ means ____________ and a ‘gladiator’ _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3.Translate the Latin word ‘murus’ and explain why ‘mural’ is a derivation of it ‘murus’ means ____________ and a ‘mural’ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4.Translate the Latin word ‘navigat’ and explain why ‘navigation’ is a derivation of it ‘navigat’ means ____________ and ‘navigation’ is ______________________________________ L2 Example Translate the Latin word ‘navem’ and explain why ‘naval’ is a derivation of it ‘navem’ means __ship__ and ‘naval’ _means something to do with ships [or a navy]_____ 1.Translate the Latin word ‘mare’ and explain why ‘marine’ is a derivation of it ‘mare’ means _________ and ‘marine’ ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2.Translate the Latin word ‘milites’ and explain why ‘military’ is a derivation of it ‘milites’ means _____________ and ‘military’ __________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 3.Translate the Latin word ‘hostes’ and explain why ‘hostile’ is a derivation of it ‘hostes’ means ________________ and ‘hostile’ _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4.Translate the Latin word ‘conspicit’ and explain why ‘conspicuous’ is a derivation of it ‘conspicit’ means _____________________ and ‘conspicuous’ __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 5.Translate the Latin word ‘iuvenes’ and explain why ‘juvenile’ is a derivation of it ‘iuvenes’ means ____________________ and ‘juvenile’ _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6.Translate the Latin word ‘matrem’ and explain why ‘maternal’ is a derivation of it ‘matrem’ means ____________________ and ‘maternal’ ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ L3 Example Translate the Latin word ‘principem ‘and explain why ‘principal’ is a derivation of it __ ‘principem’ means chief __ and a ‘principal’ is the chief teacher in a school_______________ 1.Translate the Latin word ‘credidit’ and explain why ‘credible’ is a derivation of it ‘credidit’ means ____________________ and something ‘credible’ _________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2.Translate the Latin word ‘custodes’ and explain why ‘custodian’ is a derivation of it ‘custodes’ means __________________ and a ‘custodian’ _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3.Translate the Latin word ‘pellit’ and explain why ‘expel’ is a derivation of it ‘pellit’ means _________________ and ‘expel’ _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ComparativesSuperlatives Across 3. miserior 4. peior 7. optimus 9. facillimus 10. minor 12. pessimus 14. validissimus Down 1. pulchrior 2. pulcherrimus 3. miserrimus 5. maximus 6. minimus 7. maior 8. melior 11. plus 13. plurimus F7_impfperfplupf WAS –BAT Across 2. erat 4. rogaverat 8. rogavit 9. audiebat 12. audiverat 13. audivit 15. ivit 16. capiebat Down 1. iverat 2. rogabat 3. ceperat HAVE –VIT 5. monuerat 6. monuit 7. monebat 9. fuerat 10. amavit 11. amaverat 13. cepit 14. ibat 16. amabat HAD –ERAT Translating Latin to English – Level 2 1.Break the passage into sentences. This Draw a line through each full stop. (1) makes the passage seem less daunting (2) stops you from accidentally joining 2 sentences together. Orpheus erat filius dei Apollinis.| optimus cantor erat Apollo, Apollinis m. = Apollo et, ubi cantabat, viri et feminae, etiam flumina et cantor, -oris m. = singer montes, eum audire cupiebant.| uxor eius, nomine Eurydice, pulcherrima erat.| diu laetissimi erant.| olim tamen Eurydice cum amicis in silvis silva, silvae f. = wood ambulabat.| subito serpens eam momordit et serpens, -entis f. = snake vulneravit.| mox Eurydice periit. mordeo, ere, momordi = I bite 2.Look for mini-sentences inside long sentences. Underline each mini sentence. Look for CONJUNCTIONS and participles. Conjunctions - joining words Level 1: quod = because, ubi = when, et = and, sed = but Level 2: antequam = before, postquam = after, quamquam = although, -que = and, et…et… = both…and… Level 3: dum = while, ut = in order to, ne = in order not to, aut = or, nec/neque = and not Orpheus erat filius dei Apollinis.| optimus cantor erat Apollo, Apollinis m. = Apollo et, ubi cantabat, viri et feminae, etiam flumina et cantor, -oris m. = singer montes, eum audire cupiebant.| uxor eius, nomine Eurydice, pulcherrima erat.| diu laetissimi erant.| olim tamen Eurydice cum amicis in silvis silva, silvae f. = wood ambulabat.| subito serpens eam momordit et serpens, -entis f. = snake vulneravit.| mox Eurydice periit. mordeo, ere, momordi = I bite 3.Translating each sentence: first, break the sentence up into mini sentences 1. Find the verb [end of sentence] and look at end of verb: o s t mus tis nt 2. Find the subject noun [start of sentence] 3. Find the object [S O V] 4. Do everything else 1. optimus cantor erat, et, ubi cantabat, viri et feminae, etiam flumina et montes, eam audire cupiebat Sentence 1: optimus cantor erat Sentence 2: viri et feminae, etiam flumina et montes, eum audire cupiebant Subordinate sentence: ubi cantabat Sentence 1: optimus cantor erat 1.Verb: erat = _____________________________ 3.[no object] 2.Subject: he/she = noun: _______=_________ 4. Other: optimus agrees with subject = ___________________ Sentence 2: viri et feminae, etiam flumina et montes, eum audire cupiebant 1.Verb: cupiebant = ______________________ 2. Subjects: look for plurals [-nt = they] 2. Subjects: viri et feminae, etiam flumina et montes____________________________________________ 3. Object 1 [verb] = audire = ____________ 4. Object 2 = eum = ___________ Subordinate sentence: ubi cantabat 1. Verb: cantabat = ____________________ Look out for prepositional phrases. 2. Subject = in verb = -t = ______ Preposition always goes before noun. 2. olim tamen Eurydice cum amicis in silvis ambulabat. cum amicis = with friends in silvis = in woods 1.Verb: ambulabat = __________________________ 3.[no object] 2. Subject: -t = he/she = Eurydice 4.Other: olim ______ tamen_________ cum amicis in silvis Circle the prepositional phrases, then translate 3. regina trans flumen sine mora ivit et ad urbem cum militibus festinavit ___________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________[mora = delay]__ 4. dux in urbe mansit, deinde ex urbe sine militibus ad navem ivit _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. iuvenis solus in silvis sine amicis cum canibus errabat ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________[canis = dog]____ 6. viri de monte cum pueris cucurrerunt, deinde prope urbem steterunt _____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Watch out for little phrases in commas 3.sed Turnus, rex Rutulorum, gentis saevae, Troianos e patria pellere voluit. But Turnus, king of the Rutulians, a savage race, wanted to expel the Trojans from his homeland , rex Rutulorum, is linked to Turnus [note ‘rex’ is subject]: Turnus, king of the Rutulians , gentis saevae, is linked to ‘of the Rutulians’ [note gentis is genitive]: (of) a savage tribe Practice of short phrases surrounded by commas: 1.Julius, rex Romanorum, gentis nobilis, risit ________________________________________________ 2.Hercules, vir fortissimus, monstra necavit _________________________________________________ 3.Boudicca, regina validissima, Romanos non amavit __________________________________________ 4.Zeus, pater rexque deorum, feminas amavit________________________________________________ 5.Hera, regina deorum, coniugem non amavit_________________________________________________ 6.regina, Boudicca nomine, audax erat_____________________________________________________ Underline subordinate sentences and translate separately: Quod Because Quamquam Although Ubi When Postquam After Antequam Before A. Boudicca, quod multos incolas regebat, statim Romanos armis delere cupiebat (a)Main sentence: Boudicca … statim Romanos delere cupiebat 1. Verb: _____________ = ________________ 2. Subject = he/she = noun: __________________ 3. Object 1 [verb] = _____________ = ________ 4. Object 2 = ____________ = _________________ 5. Other bits: armis = ablative plural = _____________ statim = adverb = __________________ (b)Subordinate sentence: quae multos incolas regebat 1. Verb: _____________ = __________________ 2. Subject = he/she = referring to Boudicca 3. Object = ____________ = ________________ 4 Adjective with object = _________ = _________ B. iuvenis, ubi comites tandem viderat, eos ad montes duxit (a)Main sentence: iuvenis … eos ad montes duxit 1. Verb: _____________=__________________ 2. Subject = he/she = noun:___________________ 3. Object: pronoun _________ = ____________ 4. Other: ad montes = _______________________ (b)Subordinate sentence: ubi comites tandem viderat 1. Verb: _____________=___________________ 2. Subject = in verb = it = ____________ 3. Object: comites can’t be subject as it’s plural so must be object = ___________________ 4. Other: tandem = ___________________ C. senes, postquam uxores ex urbe duxerunt, naves paraverunt (a) Main sentence: senes … naves paraverunt _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ (b) Subordinate sentence: postquam uxores* ex urbe duxerunt ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ *Note: uxores can be subject or object – but there’s no object of ‘led’ if you make them subject Watch out for two separate sentences in the same sentence Et And Sed But -que 1.regina ancillas punivit sed servos laudavit And two separate verb phrases, same subject Sentence 1: regina ancillas punivit _________________________________________________________ Sentence 2: sed servos laudavit [same subject]_______________________________________________ 2.puellae reginam viderunt et salutaverunt two main verbs in one sentence, same subject _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2a.puellae reginam viderunt salutaveruntque -que: works like et, move it before word it’s glued to _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.dux reginam oppugnavit et regina ducem vulneravit two separate sentences glued together Sentence 1: dux reginam oppugnavit _______________________________________________________ Sentence 2: et regina ducem vulneravit _____________________________________________________ Watch out for “speech marks” – keep track of the sentences: D. regina, “cur urbem,” militibus dixit, “cum hostibus oppugnavistis?” (a)Main sentence: regina … militibus dixit 1. Verb:_______________ = _______________ 2.Subject = he/she = noun:____________________ 3. [no object] 4. Other: militibus after dixit = said to____________ (b)Speech sentence: cur urbem … cum hostibus oppugnavistis? 1.Verb: _______________ = _______________ 2. Subject = in verb = istis = _______________ 3.Object: ____________ = __________________ 4. Other: cum hostibus = ___________________ E. puella matri, “milites feminas capient,” dixit, “et viros necabunt.” (a) Main sentence: puella matri … clamavit 1. Verb: ______________ = ________________ 2. Subject = he/she = noun: __________________ 3. [no object] 4 Other: matri = she shouted __________________ (b) Speech sentence: milites feminas capient et viros necabunt 1. Verb1: _____________ = ________________ 2. Subject = they = ________________________ 3. Object1 = _____________ = ______________ 4. Other: et = __________ 5. Verb 2:______________=__________________ 6. Subject = he/she = noun: ___________________ 7. Object 2 = _____________ = ________________ Beware an accusative first thing in the sentence. Wait for the verb. F. regem, quod plurimos cives necaverat, tandem ceperunt (a) Main sentence: regem … tandem ceperunt ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ (b) Subordinate sentence: quod plurimos cives necaverat _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ G. ancillas, quamquam equum forte vulneraverant, liberavit (a) Main sentence: ancillas liberavit ________________________________________________________ (b) Subordinate sentence: quamquam equum forte vulneraverunt _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Subordinate clauses will start with a conjunction and end with a verb: H. Odysseus antequam insulam Ogygiam invenit in mare diu solus manebat (a) Main sentence: Odysseus in mare diu solus manebat ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ (b) Subordinate sentence: antequam insulam Ogygiam invenit ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Underline the subordinate clause then translate: I. Odysseus ubi Cyclops virum consumpsit eum necare voluit_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ J. ducem quod multas urbes vicerat laudavimus ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Be careful with omnia and regi [remember you announce X to Y]: K. Hercules postquam Hydram interfecerat omnia regi nuntiavit___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ L. Medusam, quod multos interfecerat, Perseus oppugnavit _____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ M. regi, quamquam crudelis erat, multa dona dedimus__________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ LEVEL ONE Adjectives Nouns 1 Feminine Altus, a, um High, deep Ancilla Maidservant Bonus, a, um Good Aqua Water Clarus Clear, bright, famous Dea Goddess Fessus, a, um Tired Femina Woman Iratus, a, um Angry Filia Daughter Laetus, a, um Happy Hasta Spear Magnus, a, um Big Insula Island Malus, a, um Bad Ira Anger Meus, a, um My Patria Native land Miser, era, erum Wretched Pecunia Money Multus, a, um Many Puella Girl Noster, tra, trum Our Regina Queen Notus, a, um Well known Sagitta Arrow Novus, a, um New Terra Land Parvus, a, um Small Turba Crowd Perterritus, a, um Scared Unda Wave Pulcher, ra, rum Beautiful Via Way, street Romanus, a, um Roman *Agricola m. Farmer Sacer, ra, rum Sacred *Incola m/f. Inhabitant Saevus, a, um Savage *Nauta m. Sailor Suus, a, um His her their *Poeta m. Poet Tutus, a, um Safe Nouns 2 Masculine Tuus, a, um Your (s) Ager Field Validus, a, um Strong Amicus Friend Vester, ra, rum Your (pl) Cibus Food Adverbs Deus God Bene Well Dominus Master Deinde Then. Next Equus Horse Diu For a long time Filius Son Fortiter Bravely Gladius Sword Hic Here Liber Book Iam Now, already Locus Place Ibi There Magister Teacher, Master Iterum Again Murus Wall Magnopere Greatly Nuntius Messenger Mox Soon Puer Boy Non Not Servus Slave Numquam Never Socius Ally Olim Once Ventus Wind Saepe Often Vir Man Semper Always Nouns 2 Neuter Sic Thus Aurum Gold Statim Immediately Auxilium Help Subito Suddenly Bellum War Tamen However Caelum Sky Tandem At last Oppidum Town Conjunctions Periculum Danger Et And Proelium Battle Igitur Therefore Scutum Shield Itaque And so Templum Temple Quod Because Verbum Word Sed But Vinum Wine Ubi When Numbers Cardinal Posuit (pono) He put Stetit (sto) He stood Fuit (sum) He was Dedit (do) He gave Cucurrit (curro) He ran Misit (mitto) He sent O/M, S, T, MUS, TIS, NT ERAM I was I, ISTI, IT, IMUS, ISTIS, ERUNT AM-A(TE), MON-E(TE), REG-E -BAM I was …ing (-ITE), AUD-I(TE), CAP-E (-ITE) Unus One Rogo I ask Duo Two Specto I watch Tres Three Sto I stand Quattuor Four Supero I overcome Quinque Five Voco I call Sex Six 2 Deleo I destroy Septem Seven Habeo I have Octo Éight Iubeo I order Novem Nine Maneo I remain Decem Ten Moneo I warn Numbers Ordinal Moveo I move Primus First Respondeo I answer Secundus Second Rideo I laugh Tertius Third Teneo I hold Quartus Fourth Terreo I frighten Quintus Fifth Timeo I fear Sextus sixth Video I see Septimus Seventh 3 Bibo I drink Octavus Eighth Constituo I decide Nonus Ninth Consumo I eat Decimus Tenth Curro I run Particles Dico I say Etiam Also, even Discedo I depart Prepositions + abl Duco I lead A/ab From, by Lego I read, choose Cum With Ludo I play In In, on Mitto I send E/ex Out from Ostendo I show De Down from, about Pono I put Prepositions + acc Rego I rule Ad Towards Scribo I write Contra Against 4 Audio I hear In Into, onto Dormio I sleep Per Through, along Venio I come Prope Near 3.5 Capio I take Trans Across Cupio I desire Verbs Facio I make, do 1 Aedifico I build Iacio I throw Ambulo I walk *Absum I am away Amo I love *Adsum I am present Canto I sing *Sum I am Clamo I shout Pronouns Do I give Ego/me I/me Festino I hurry Tu/te You (s) Habito I live Nos We/us Intro I enter, go in Vos You (pl) Laboro I work Question Words Laudo I praise Cur? Why? Navigo I sail -ne? = ‘?’ Neco I kill Quid? What? Oppugno I attack Quis? Who? Paro I prepare Ubi? Where? Porto I carry Pugno I fight Cepit (capio) He took Discessit(discedo) He left Fecit (facio) He made/did Risit (rideo) He laughed Iecit (iacio) He threw Iussit(iubeo) He ordered -RE To… NOMINATIVE, VOCATIVE AMAVI, DELEVI, AUDIVI, ACCUSATIVE, GENITIVE MONUI, REXI (REGSI), CEPI DATIVE, ABLATIVE LEVEL TWO Adjectives Carus,a,um Dear Ceteri, ae, a The rest of (pl) Graecus, a, um Greek Longus, a, um Long Medius, a, um Middle (of) Mortuus, a, um Dead Pauci, ae, a Few Solus, a um Alone Vivus, a, um Alive Crudelis, e Cruel Difficilis, e Difficult Facilis, e Easy Fortis, e Strong, brave Nobilis, e Noble Omnis, e All Tristis, e Sad Audax, acis Bold Felix, icis Lucky Ingens, ntis Huge Sapiens, ntis Wise Adverbs Celeriter Quickly Cras Tomorrow Forte By chance Frustra In vain Heri yesterday Hodie Today Nunc Now Postea Afterwards Quam Than Quoque Also Tum Then Conjunctions Antequam Before Et…et… Both…and… Nam For Postquam After Quamquam Although -que And Nouns 1 feminine Copiae (pl) Forces (pl) Mora delay Nouns 2 Neuter Arma (pl) Weapons (pl) Donum gift Nouns 3 Masculine Civis Citizen Clamor Shout Comes c. Companion Coniunx c. Wife, husband Dux Leader Frater Brother Homo Man, person Melior (bonus) Better Minor (parvus) Smaller Plus (multus) More Celerrimus, a, um Fastest I, ISTI, IT, IMUS, ISTIS, ERUNT R, RIS, TUR, MUR, MINI, NTUR Hostes (pl) Enemy Pronouns Ne (in order) not to Iuvenis Young man Hic haec hoc This, he Ut (in order) to Miles Soldier Ille illa illud That, he Nec,neque Nor, and not Mons Mountain Is ea id That, he Nouns Parens Parent Se Himself/themselves 1 Hora Hour Pater Father Question words 2m Annus Year Rex King Nonne? Surely (yes) Somnus Sleep Senex Old man Num? Surely not (no) 2n Praemium Reward Nouns 3 Feminine Verbs Telum Spear, missile Lux Light 1 Erro I wander 3m Custos Guard Mater Mother Appropinquo I approach Labor Work Mors Death Exspecto I wait for Princeps Chief Mulier Woman Libero I set free 3f Gens Race Navis Ship Narro I tell Nox Night Pars Part Nuntio I announce Tempestas Storm Soror Sister Occupo I seize 3n Animal Animal Urbs City Saluto I greet Opus Work Uxor Wife Vulnero I wound 5 Dies Day Virtus Courage 3 Colligo I collect Fides Trust, faith, belief Vox Voice Defendo I defend Res Thing, matter, affair Nouns 3 Neuter Gero I carry on, do Spes Hope Corpus Body Occido I kill Pronouns Flumen River Reduco I lead back Idem,eadem,idem Same Iter Journey Ruo I rush Ipse, a, um -self Mare Sea Trado I hand over Qui, quae, quod Who Nomen Name Vinco I conquer Verbs Vulnus Wound 4 Advenio I arrive 1 Impero +dat I order Nouns Irregular Invenio I find Iuvo I help Nemo No one Punio I punish 2 Persuadeo I persuade Nihil Nothing 3.5 Accipio I receive + dat Numbers Cardinal Conspicio I catch sight of 3 Cogo I force Undecim 11 Effugio I escape Contendo I hurry, march Duodecim 12 Fugio I flee Credo + dat I believe Tredecim 13 *Eo, ire I go Pello I drive Quattuordecim 14 *Exeo I go out Peto I seek Quindecim 15 *Ineo I go in Relinquo I leave Sedecim 16 *Noli(te) Do not…! 4 Convenio I meet Septendecim 17 *Perep I perish Custodio I guard Duodeviginti 18 *Possum I am able 3.5 Interficio I kill Undeviginti 19 *Redeo I go back *Adeo I go towards Viginti 20 *Transeo I go across *Fero I carry Particles LEVEL THREE *Nolo I do not want Autem However, but Adjectives *Volo I want Prepositions + acc Alius/a/ud Other Numbers Cardinal Ante Before Celer, ris, re Quick Triginta 30 Circum Around Superbus, a, um Proud Quadraginta 40 Inter Among Totus, a, um whole Quinquaginta 50 Post After Adverbs Sexaginta 60 Propter Because of Interea Meanwhile Septuaginta 70 Super Above Lente Slowly Octoginta 80 Prepositions + abl Paene Almost Nonaginta 90 Pro On behalf of, in front of Conjunctions Centum 100 Sine Without Aut Or Mille 1000 Sub Under Dum While Milia (neut pl) 1000s Optimus, a, um Best Peior (malus) Worse Pessimus, a, um Worst Minimus, a, um Smallest Maior (magnus) Bigger Maximus, a, um Biggest Plurimus, a, um Most Pulcherrimus, a, um Prettiest Facillimus, a, um Easiest AMABAM was AMAVI -ed AMA(TE) love! L3 AMATUS SUM/ERAM has/had been -ed AMABO, -BIS will AMAVERAM had L3 AMANS, NTIS -ing -IOR/-IUS -er/more REGAM, REGES will AMARE to… -ISSIMUS/-ERRIMUS/-ILLIMUS -est/most/very Perfect Tense Regular perfects +V Odd perfect +S 1 AMAVI (amo) I loved CONSPEXI (conspicio) I caught sight of 2 DELEVI (deleo) I destroyed MANSI (maneo) I remained 4 AUDIVI (audio) I heard IUSSI (iubeo) I ordered 3.5 CUPIVI (cupio) I desired St-stammered Odd perfects +V STETI (sto) I stood 1 IUVI (iuvo) I helped DEDI (do) I gave Regular perfects +U CUCURRI (curro) I ran 2 MONUI (moneo) I warned TRADIDI (trado) I handed over Weird perfect +U Stretch first vowel 3 POSUI (pono) I put CONSTITUI (constituo) I decided Regular perfects +S LEGI (lego) I read, chose 3 REXI reg-si (rego) I ruled OSTENDI (ostendo) I showed CONSUMPSI (consumo) I ate DEFENDI (defendo) I defended DIXI dic-si (dico) I said OCCIDI (occido) I killed DISCESSI (discedo) I departed RUI (ruo) I charged DUXI duc-si (duco) I led BIBI (bibo) I drank MISI (mitto) I sent COLLEGI (colligo) I collected LUSI (ludo) I played VENI (venio) I came SCRIPSI (scribo) I wrote ADVENI (advenio) I arrived GESSI (gero) I carried on, did INVENI (invenio) I found REDUXI (reduco) I led back CEPI (capio) I captured ACCEPI (accipio) I received FUGI (fugio) I fled IECI (iacio) I threw FECI (facio) I did, made EFFUGI (effugio) I escaped RESPONDI (respondeo) I replied VIDI (video) I saw Lose a bit VICI (vinco) I conquered TO BE FUI (sum) I was AFUI (absum) I was away ADFUI (adsum) I was present POTUI (pot-sum) I was able TO GO IVI/II (eo) I went EXII (exeo) I went out INII (ineo) I went in PERII (pereo) I perished REDII (redeo) I went back TRANSII (transeo) I went across Terms L2 Nouns Case Number Gender Declension Endings 1 Endings 2m Endings 2n Endings 3mf Endings 3n Stem Pronouns NVAGDAb Nominative = SUBJECT Vocative = (getting attention) Accusative = OBJECT Genitive = OF Dative = TO/FOR Ablative = BY/WITH/FROM Singular or Plural Masculine, Feminine or Neuter (m., f. or n.) and Collective (c.) = Masculine or Feminine Group of nouns 1 PUELL-A, PUELL-AE 2m. DOMIN-US, DOMIN-I 2n. BELL-UM, BELL-I 3m./f. REX, REG-IS 3n. OPUS, OPER-IS 5m./f. DIES, DI-EI A A AM AE AE A AE AE AS ARUM IS IS US E UM I O O I I OS ORUM IS IS UM UM UM I O O A A A ORUM IS IS (S) (S) EM IS I E ES ES ES UM IBUS IBUS (S) (S) (S) IS I E A A A UM IBUS IBUS Front of the noun that you hang endings from, e.g. rex, REG-is Stand in for a noun. Hic = this, ille = that, is = he Personal pronoun Talking about a person Ego, me, mihi, tu, te, tibi, nos, nobis, vos, vobis, ille, hic, is, eum, eos Reflexive pronoun Used for when you do something to yourself Me, mihi, te, tibi, se, sibi Demonstrative pronoun This/that Hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id; ille, illa, illud Adjectives Describe a noun, e.g. good, bad, ugly Group 1 / 2 BONUS, BONA, BONUM Group 3 FORTIS, FORTIS, FORTE POSITIVE Basic form of adjective – CLARUS, CLARA, CLARUM = bright COMPARATIVE ‘more’, ‘-er’ – CLAR-IOR, CLAR-IOR, CLAR-IUS = brighter SUPERLATIVE ‘most’, ‘-est’, ‘very’ – CLAR-ISSIMUS, CLAR-ISSIMA, CLAR-ISSIMUM = brightest PULCHERRIMUS, CELERRIMUS, FACILLIMUS, DIFICILLIMUS Nominative singular masculine positive BASIC FORM, e.g. BONUS Verbs Conjugation Group of verbs, each with a different main vowel 1 AMO a 2 MONEO e 3 REGO i/e 4 AUDIO i 3.5 CAPIO i/e Stem ‘What’ part of verb, start of verb that you hang endings from: AM- from amo Number Singular or Plural Person Who is doing the verb 1st pers sing 2nd pers sing 3rd pers sing 1st pers plur 2nd pers plur I You (s) He/she/it We You (pl) (active) -O/-M -S -T -MUS -TIS (perfect act) -I -ISTI -IT -IMUS -ISTIS SUM 3rd pers plur They -NT -ERUNT Tense Present I love, am loving AM-O Imperfect I was loving AM-A-BA-M Perfect Pluperfect I loved, have loved I had loved AM-A-VI AM-AV-ERAM Future I will love AM-A-BO Infinitive Imperative -RE = to… Giving an order AMARE = to love AMA/AMATE REGERE = to rule REGE/REGITE ESSE = to be ES/ESTE 1st person singular present indicative active SUBJECT of verb Who’s doing the verb OBJECT of verb Who’s the verb doing DATIVE verbs AUDIRE = to hear AUDI/AUDITE BASIC form of verb, e.g. AMO puella reginam amat – puella is subject – girl loves queen puella reginam amat – reginam is object – queen loves girl IMPERO, 1 I give an order to CREDO, 3 I give trust to, I trust PERSUADEO, 2 I give persuasion to, I persuade Conjunctions Joining words, e.g. et = and, sed = but Some introduce SUBORDINATE CLAUSES, e.g. QUOD = because, QUAMQUAM = although, ANTEQUAM = before, POSTQUAM = after, DUM = while, UT = in order to, NE = in order not to Adverbs Describe a verb, e.g. non = not, celeriter = quickly Numbers Cardinal Ordinal Normal numbers on playing CARDs – DUO = two, TRES = three, etc. The ORDER in a list – PRIMUS = first, SECUNDUS = second, etc. Shortcut – Latin Object Endings Singular Plural Gp1 [puella] Gp2 [servus] Gp3 [rex] AM AS UM OS EM ES Key points checklist for exam: 1. IMPERFECT = was-BAT e.g. Bruce Wayne WAS a BAT 2. PLUPERFECT = had-ERAT e.g Linguini HAD e-RAT 3. The main story is in the PAST. Tenses: Imperfect –BAT Pluperfect –ERAT Perfect everything else Person: 3rd only – ama-bat amav-erat amav-it singular –t = he/she/it plural –nt = they 4. “Look out for speech marks” Tenses: Any. Present Future Commands! [Also past tenses] Person: Any 1st/2nd likely to turn up 5. VERB ENDINGS: -o/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt 6. VERB ENDINGS PERFECT: -i, -isti, -it, -imus -istis, -erunt 7. FUTURE = will-BO/will-BIT ama-bo, ama-bit 8. FUTURE = will-AM/will-ES reg-am, reg-es 9. COMMAND = look out for ‘!’ ama! ama-te! 10. SENTENCE = SOV = subject object verb 11. SENTENCE = OVs = object verb [subject in verb] Will-BO Baggins 12. LEARN THE NOUN OBJECT ENDINGS: Singular Plural Gp1 [puella] AM AS Gp2 [servus] UM OS Gp3 [rex] EM ES 13. ADJECTIVES ALWAYS FOLLOW NOUN [except multus, omnis, pauci] 14. ALWAYS TRANSLATE THE VERB FIRST