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Body Transport System
(Circulatory/Cardiovascular)
Notes: pp 78-84
Key Concepts:
1) What are the functions and structures of the cardiovascular system?
2) What is the structure and function of the heart
3) What path does the blood take through the heart?
4)
***NOTE: Some sections are omitted ON PURPOSE—you can skip them!
The Cardiovascular System (Functions):
Define: A cardiovascular system is an organ system including the heart, blood vessels and blood that carries
needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells. It also helps transport disease
fighting cells.
Functions/Describe:
1.
Delivering Needed Materials- Many substances that cells need are carried by the cardiovascular
system. For example, it delivers oxygen and glucose to cells.
2.
Removing Waste Products- Waste substances, which exit the cells, are carried away by the
cardiovascular system. For example, it removes carbon dioxide produced by the breakdown of glucose.
3.
Fighting Disease- The blood also transported the cells which attack diseases. This function helps
prevent and cure sickness.
**What color is BLOOD? _RED- it is NOT blue as shown in diagrams______
The Heart: p 80
**note- you do NOT need to know the pathway of blood through the heart**
Heart – The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pushes blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory
system. It is around the size of a fist and lies behind the breastbone and inside the rib cage.
Facts:
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Made of Cardiac muscle
Right and left side of heart- completely separated by a wall of tissue called the septum
Each side has two chambers
Upper chamber is called the atrium. It receives blood that enters the heart.
The lower chamber is called the ventricle and it pumps blood out of the heart/
Valves separate the atria and ventricles and prevent blood from flowing backwards.
How does the heart work?
Ventricles- The lower chambers of the heart are called the ventricles. They contract to push the blood out of the
heart and to the blood vessels.
Pacemaker – The pacemaker is a group of heart cells which send signals to make the heart muscles contract. It
receives messages about the body’s oxygen needs and adjusts the heart rate to match. It is located in the right
atrium of the heart.
Two Loops: pp 82-83
Arteries – These are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart (think Artery = Away)
Capillaries- The blood flows from arteries to capillaries. They are thin and narrow and it is here that substances
are exchanged between the blood and body cells.
Veins – After capillaries, the blood flows into veins which carry it back to the heart.
**Make sure to READ this section to note how blood goes to the lungs and around the body**
A Closer Look at Blood Vessels
Notes: pp 85-89
Key Concepts:
1) What are the functions and structures of arteries?
2) What are the structures and functions of capillaries and veins?
3) What causes blood pressure?
***NOTE: Some sections/notes are omitted ON PURPOSE—you can skip them!
Arteries: pp 86-87
Arteries (major) – Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The big artery that exits the left ventricle is called
the aorta. There are many branches off the aorta to carry blood to the body. The coronary
arteries carry blood to the heart. Arteries are thick with three cell layers and are very strong
and flexible. (Inside- epithelial cells, smooth- so can flow freely, Middle- muscle, Outerflexible connective tissue)
Pulse-
The pulse is caused by the expansion and relaxation of the artery wall. The pulse is directly
related to heart rate.
Regulating Blood Flow- The layer of muscle regulates the amount of blood sent to organs. When organs need
more blood, such as a stomach after eating, the muscle relaxes and the opening becomes
larger. When less blood is required, the walls close and less is delivered.
Capillaries: p 87
Capillaries- This is where materials are exchanged between the bloody and body’s cells. The walls of the
capillaries are only one cell thick so they are very small and materials can easily pass through them.
Diffusion- This is the process by which materials go from an area of high concentration to lower concentration.
This is how materials are exchanged
Veins: p 88
After capillaries, the blood moves to veins that flow back to the heart. The walls of veins have 3 layers like
arteries but they are thinner. There is less of the pushing force from the heart so blood moves through veins
because skeletal muscles near the veins push the blood, valves prevent blood from flowing downwards, and
breathing motions force blood to the heart.
Blood Pressure: pp 88-89
Blood Pressure-
Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the walls of the blood vessels and is
caused by the force with which ventricles contract. In general, the farther from the
heart, the lower the blood pressure.
Measuring Blood Pressure- Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer. First a cuff cuts off blood
flow, then the cuff releases and the pressure when the ventricles contract as well
as when they relax is measured.
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Blood and Lymph
Notes: pp 91-97
Key Concepts:
1) What are the components of blood?
2) What determines the types of blood that a person can receive during a transfusion?
3) What are the structures and functions of the lymphatic system?
***NOTE: Some sections/notes are omitted ON PURPOSE—you can skip them! Please still READ them.
Blood: pp 91-94
PLASMA
Liquid
90% water
10% nutrients and
chemical messengers
Carries waste away
Protein makes it yellow
Proteins: regulate water,
fight disease, blood clots
RED BLOOD CELLS
Take up oxygen in lungs
Produced in bone marrow
Disks with piched centers
-> flexible
Red because made of
hemoglobin
When mature have no
nucleus so short life span
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS
Also produced in bone
marrow
Fight disease in different
ways
Fewer than red blood
cells but larger
Have nuclei-> live longer
PLATELETS
Make blood clots
Collect and stick to
wound
Cause reactions which
produce fibrin which
leads to many tiny fibers
across the cut -> scab
Blood Types: pp 94-95 Read then just list the 4 blood types
AB, A, B, O
Lymphatic System: pp 96-97
Lymphatic System- The lymphatic system is a network of vein-like vessels that returns fluid which leaves blood
vessels to the blood stream. It is like a “drainage system.” Think of rain gutters.
Lymph- Lymph is the fluid in the lymphatic system which is mostly water but also contains dissolved material
like glucose. It also contains white blood cells. Ultimately, the lymph will empty into the veins, however it has
no pump so it moves very slowly.
Lymph Nodes- As the lymph flows, it enters these knobs of tissue. They trap bacteria and disease causing
microorganisms and expand when you are sick.