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Study Guide – Ecology Unit Test 2011. Biology 1/1 Honors This test covers Chapters 13, 14 (less pgs 436-444), and Biomes/Ecosystems (15.3, 15.4, 15.5). You need to know all vocabulary and words of the day, - levels of organization in nature (organism->biome) biotic and abiotic factors biogeochemical cycles (C, H2O, O, N, P) energy flow/pyramids relationships in a food web niches competition, predation, symbiosis, parasitism factors that determine population size primary and secondary succession 6 major biomes, general characteristics of marine and aquatic ecosystems The following is information on specific benchmarks that will be assessed on this test and on the End-ofCourse exam: SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (Also assesses SC.912.L.17.2, SC.912.L.17.4, SC.912.L.17.8, and SC.912.N.1.4.) Also Assesses SC.912.L.17.2 Explain the general distribution of life in aquatic systems as a function of chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and temperature. SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession. SC.912.L.17.8 Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. SC.912.N.1.4 Identify sources of information and assess their reliability according to the strict standards of scientific investigation. Benchmark Clarifications Students will use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem. Students will explain that different types of organisms exist within aquatic systems due to chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and/or temperature. Students will describe the potential changes to an ecosystem resulting from seasonal variations, climate changes, and/or succession. Sample Item 17 SC.912.L.17.5 The number of pythons found throughout Everglades National Park has increased in recent years. These huge snakes are not native to Florida and are believed to have been released into the wild by pet owners. Wildlife biologists have initiated attempts to capture and remove these pythons. Which statement best explains the biologists’ reason for removing these pythons from the Everglades? A. The pythons could upset the territorial boundaries of native organisms. B. The pythons could adapt to overcome diseases common to native snakes. C. The pythons could prey on native organisms and cause native populations to decline. D. The pythons could begin to interbreed with native snakes and produce a more successful species. Benchmark SC.912.L.17.9 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels. (Also assesses SC.912.E.7.1.) Also Assesses SC.912.E.7.1 Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the different biogeochemical cycles, including water and carbon. Benchmark Clarifications Students will describe the energy pathways through the different trophic levels of a food web or energy pyramid. Students will analyze the movement of matter through different biogeochemical cycles. Content Limits Items referring to organisms in food webs are limited to the impact of changes in matter or energy in trophic levels. Items addressing food webs will require application of the knowledge of roles of organisms in a food web to describe energy pathways rather than the identification of producers, consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), and decomposers. Items will not require knowledge of specific organisms or their feeding habits. Items assessing biogeochemical cycles are limited to the water cycle and the carbon cycle. Items referring to the biogeochemical cycles may address but will not assess photosynthesis and cellular respiration in isolation. Sample Item 18 SC.912.L.17.9 A team of ecologists observed feeding patterns of several populations in the desert. The energy pyramid shown below depicts the feeding patterns the ecologists observed. Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem? A. There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than those at higher trophic levels. B. There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels. C. There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have. D. There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels.