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Biology 122
Review for Midterm, 2016
1. Endocrine system:
 What is the endocrine system and how does it work?
 Be able to discuss specific glands, their location (be able to label them on a diagram-see
page 998 in your text) and their functions (what hormones do they release and what do
these hormones do).
 Be able to explain the difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones and how each
“enters” and affects its target cells.
 Describe how feedback mechanisms of the endocrine system work, giving an example.
 How are blood sugar levels maintained? Describe the hormones produced and where they
are produced. What happens when insulin is not produced at all or in sufficient quantities
by the pancreas? Describe the types of diabetes. Who are Banting and Best and what was
their contribution?
 Define: hormones, target cells, gland, exocrine gland, endocrine gland, prostaglandins.
 Explain, using an example, how the endocrine system and nervous system work together.
 Describe the role of the adrenal glands in managing short and long term stress and the
effects on the body of both.
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Nervous System:
What is the nervous system and what is its function?
Be able to label a neuron and describe what each part does (Use the diagram).
Three types of neurons and their functions.
Describe the 2 types of reflexes (simple and complex arc)
What is a stimulus? Where and how are stimuli received? (receptors)
Describe a neuron when it is not carrying a nerve impulse (resting potential; polarized).
Describe action potential, including the following terms: selectively permeable, NA+ ions,
K+ ions, unequal distribution, polarized, repolarized, refractory period.
Describe threshold and the all-or-nothing principle.
What are neurotransmitters? Name 2 types (excitatory and inhibitory) and describe what
they do.
Be able to describe the two parts of the Central Nervous System and the systems within
each of these. (Chart from board)
Be able to identify parts of the brain and their functions.
Be able to identify the lobes of the cerebral cortex and explain their functions.
6. Biochem (macromolecules):
Be able to:
 Describe an atom including its subatomic particles
 What is an isotope? (To do on Monday!)
 Describe ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, cohesion, adhesion,
mixtures, solutions, suspensions, monomers, polymers, elements, isotopes, dehydration
synthesis, hydrolysis, Calorie, catatonic, anabolic
 Explain the importance of both carbon and water in living things.
 Define each of the macromolecules and describe the structure and function of each.
(carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) protein, lipids
(triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes) and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).