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Biology Midterm Review
Name_________________
Scientific Method and Biochemistry – Using the scenario below answer questions 1-10.
Kari has been doing research on a new chemical to help tomato plants grow and produce bigger, healthier
tomatoes. Kari hypothesized that the new chemical would increase plant growth producing larger tomatoes. She needed
to set up an experiment to test the new organic fertilizer. Kari set up her experiment in a greenhouse with the same
species of tomato plant in 5 small flats. She kept all conditions the same such as humidity, temperature, soil, amount of
water, etc.. Listed below is how she administered the fertilizer and the data she collected after six months.
Plant trays
1
2
3
4
5
Amount of fertilizer per day
4 mL
6 mL
8 mL
10 mL
0 mL
Growth of plant
2 inches
5 inches
6 inches
9 inches
3 inches
Color of plant
Green
Green
Greenish-Yellow
Yellow
Green
Identify the following:
1. Control group(s)?
___________________________5__________________________
2. Experimental group(s)? __________________________1-4___________________________
3. Controlled variable(s)? __ humidity, temperature, soil, amount of water ____________________
4. Independent variable? ______________ organic fertilizer _________________________
5. Dependent variable? ________________ Growth of plant __________________________
8. Why did Kari only test one variable in this experiment?__Can only change 1 thing so you can see the difference._________
9. What was the purpose of the control(s) group in this experiment?_____to compare___________
20. Fill in the chart on organic compounds.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Basic unit
(monomer)
Major Function(s)
Examples
Sugarmonosaccharide
Short term energy
Structure
Starch, Cellulose,
Chitin, glucose
Amino Acids
-
structure
transports
storage
Muscles, immune
system,nails,ENZYMES
Glycerol + 3 fatty
acids
Nucleotides
Long term energy
Structure
-Stores and
transmits genetic
information
Phospholipids fats,
oils, waxes
DNA, RNA
21. What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? Which ones are complex sugars? ___Mono-Di-poly…..______
______________________Complex- Di, poly___________________________________________
23. When you combine amino acids to form a protein, what is the name of the bond formed? ___Peptide___
24. What are the characteristics of life? List 4.
___Made of Cells_____
____Grow & Develops ____
___Reproduce______ __Needs energy____
Cell/Cell Reproduction/Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration
2. There are 3 components of the cell theory.
a. All organisms are composed of one or more __cells___. b. The cell is the basic unit of ____life___.
c. All cells come from _____preexisting___ cells.
3. There are 2 basic cell types -- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Identify the following as a Prokaryote or Eukaryote.
a. lack membrane-bound organelles __p__
b. multicellular __e___
c. has a nucleus ___e__
d. bacteria is an example _____p__
e. animals, plants, fungi and protist ___e___
4. Listed below are the functions of the organelles. Identify the organelle.
cell wall
chloroplast
flagella
microtubules
mitochondria
nucleus
nuclear membrane
cilia
lysosomes
ribosome
chromatin
nucleolus
microfilaments
vacuole
endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
cytoplasm
golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
a. thin protein fibers that provide support in cell _ cytoskeleton
b. short projections involved in movement __ cilia ___
c. longer projections involved in movement __ flagella ____
d. hollow protein fibers that make up cytoskeleton _microtubules _
e. solid protein fibers that make up cytoskeleton _ microfilaments __
f. jelly-like material that surrounds organelles ___ cytoplasm __
g. digest excess cell parts and invading pathogens __ lysosomes __
h. where protein synthesis occurs __ ribosome __
i. makes energy for cell __ mitochondria _
j. membrane sacs that transport materials _ vacuole __
k. receives processed materials, packages and distributes __ golgi _____
l. stores materials and removes excess fluid ___ vacuole ___
m. control center that contains DNA __ nucleus _____
n. membrane that controls what goes in and out of nucleus nuclear membrane
o. tangled mass DNA _ chromatin __
p. membrane that controls what goes in and out of cell cell membrane _
q. site of photosynthesis ___chloroplast ____
r. produces ribosomes ___ nucleolus ___
s. thick, inflexible membrane that provides support for plant cells _ cell wall__
5. Cell transport is the movement of materials in and out of the cell through the cell membrane. There are 2 types –
Passive and Active Transport. Identify as active or passive.
a. osmosis and diffusion are examples ____ Passive ___
b. requires energy ___ Active __
c. does not require energy _ Passive _____
d. endocytosis and exocytosis are examples _ Active __
6. __Osmosis __ is the movement of water through a membrane from an area of high to low concentration.
7. __Diffusion____ is the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration.
8. _Facilitated_ diffusion uses protein channels to help move material across the membrane.
9. ___Exocytosis__ is the movement of materials to the outside the cell.
10. ____ Endocytosis ______ is the movement of materials inside the cell.
11. What does the selective permeability mean? _Only allows certain things into and out of the cell._______
12. The plasma membrane is made of __2__ layers. It contains fluid and phospholipids. Draw a
phospholipid and label parts.--> 
13. There are 3 types of solutions – isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic. Identify the solutions.
a. concentration of solute outside and inside the cell are equal _ isotonic ___
b. concentration of solute is higher outside than inside the cell ___ hypertonic ____
c. concentration of solute is higher inside than outside the cell ____ hypotonic ____
d. water moves out of cell ___ hypertonic _-cell will shrink
e. water moves in the cell ___ hypotonic __-cell will swell
f. no movement of water ___ isotonic ___ - same
15. There are 2 types of Eukaryote cells – somatic or sex cells. Identify as somatic or sex cells.
a. all cells in body except sex cells __ somatic __
b. egg and sperm ______ gametes _____
c. contains 23 chromosomes ____ gametes ________(haploid)
d. contains 46 chromosomes _ somatic __
e. diploid _ somatic __
16. There are 2 types of chromosomes – autosomes and sex chromosomes. Identify as autosome or sex.
a. #1-22 chromosomes _ autosomes ___
b. 23rd chromosomes ___ sex chromosomes __
Cell Membrane is
made of
_ phospholipids _.
18. Why do you have 2 copies of all of your chromosomes? One from Ma & 1 from Pa
19. The cell cycle is a sequence of ___divisions__ and __growth_ of the cell.
20. What occurs in interphase?
G1-S-G2-------Growth, organelles are produces , DNA in Copied
21. _Mitosis___ is a series of steps in which the nucleus of a cell divides into 2___identical___ nuclei.
22. _Meiosis__ is a series of steps in which the nucleus of a cell divides into _4_ __not identical _____ nuclei.
23. How are mitosis and meiosis different? How are they similar?
Mitosis- 2 cells- identical- 1 division
Meiosis- 4 cells- not identical- 2 divisions
24. Identify the following stages of mitosis.
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
a. cytokinesis occurs __Last___
b. chromosomes pair up and spindle fibers form _ prophase __
c. paired chromatids move to opposite sides of cell ___ anaphase _d. chromosomes line in middle of cell ___ metaphase_
e. 2 new cells are formed ____Cytokinesis____
26. Write the formula for photosynthesis and respiration. (Know what “goes in and what goes out.”)
28. What is ATP and how what do cells use it for? ATP is the energy storage molecule that is used by all organisms.
30. Where does cell respiration occur? Cytoplasm and Mitochondria. Breaks down food for energy.
31. What the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Aerobic uses oxygen and anaerobic does not use
oxygen.
Genetics/DNA
1. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? DNA
&
RNA
2. ___Genes_ are a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein.
3. A __Nucleotide___ is the basic building block of DNA & RNA.
4. What are the 3 parts that make up the nucleotides of a nucleic acid?
a.
Sugar
b.
Phosphate
c. Base
9. What is the name of the bond formed between the nitrogen bases called? Hydrogen Bonds
11. How are RNA and DNA different? How are they similar?
DNA- double stranded- ATGC- Stays in Nucleus
12. Find the complimentary strand.
a. DNA strand A A T G C A T
DNA strand T T A C G T A
RNA- single stranded- AUGC- can leave nucleus
b. DNA strand C C G A T A
DNA strand G G C TA T
14. __DNA replication__ occurs when DNA makes a copy of itself to form 2 new strands of DNA.
15. Identify as a section of DNA or RNA or Both.
a. ATCT _ DNA __
b. AGGCU _RNA_
c. AGGCA _Both__
d. UAUU _RNA__
16. ________mRNA___ is a type of RNA that carries genetic message of DNA into cytoplasm.
17. ______ tRNA _________ is a type of RNA that brings amino acids to mRNA in ribosome for protein synthesis.
18. ______ rRNA _________ is a type of RNA that helps mRNA and tRNA come together to make a protein.
19. ______Transcription____ occurs when mRNA makes a copy of DNA and takes this copy to the ribosome.
20. ______ Translation_____ occurs when mRNA is decoded while bonded to tRNA to build a protein.
21. _3__ nucleotides = __1_ codon
22. Use the section of DNA to figure out the amino acids that will be formed during protein synthesis.
**Use the mRNA to determine the amino acid sequence.
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
amino acid (use mRNA)
A
U
A
T
A
U
STOP
T
A
U
C
G
C
G
C
G
A
U
A
Ala
23. A __Mutation___ is a mistake or change in the DNA sequence.
25. A _Point ( substitution)_ mutation is a change to a single base pair that changes an amino acid in a protein.
29. DNA __fingerprinting_ is the use of gel electrophoresis and restriction enzymes to separate DNA fragments resulting in
a pattern of bands.
30. Define genetics: __________Study of heredity _______________________________
37. Identify the following diseases with the symptoms.
Huntingtons
Cystic Fibrosis
Hemophilia
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sickle-cell Anemia
Muscular Dystrophy
failure of blood to clot properly ______ Hemophilia _______
excessive mucus clogging lungs & digestive tract ________ Cystic Fibrosis_____
gradual degeneration of brain tissue _______ Huntingtons
_______
wasting away of muscles ________ Muscular Dystrophy _________
poor blood circulation due to abnormal red blood cell __ Sickle-cell Anemia _
40. __Down Syndrome___ is trisomy on chromosome 21. How many chromosomes does a person with this disorder have in
each cell? __47___ What causes this disorder? ____________Nondisjunction during meiosis__________________
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