Download Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition - Holden R

Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. Seeley
Idaho State University
Trent D. Stephens
Idaho State University
Philip Tate
Phoenix College
Chapter 01
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Chapter 1
The Human Organism
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Overview of Anatomy and
Physiology
• Anatomy: Scientific discipline that
investigates the body’s structure
• Physiology: Scientific investigation of the
processes or functions of living things
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Topics of Anatomy
• Gross or macroscopic: Structures examined
without a microscope
– Regional: Studied area by area
– Systemic: Studied system by system
– Surface: External form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
• Microscopic: Structures seen with the microscope
– Cytology: Cellular anatomy
– Histology: Study of tissues
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Topics of Physiology
• Reveals dynamic nature of living things
• Consider operations of specific organ
systems
– Cell physiology: Examines processes in cells
– Neurophysiology: Focuses on the nervous
system
– Pathology
– Exercise Physiology
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Structural & Functional
Organizations
• Chemical level
– Atoms
– Molecules
•
•
•
•
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
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Structural & Functional
Organizations
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Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body
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Characteristics of Life
• Organization: Condition in which there are specific
relationships and functions
• Metabolism: All chemical reactions of the body
• Responsiveness: Ability to sense changes and adjust
• Growth
• Development: Changes over time
Differentiation: Change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: Change in shape of tissues, organs
• Reproduction: New cells versus organisms
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Homeostasis
•Values of variables
fluctuate around the set
point to establish a normal
range of values
•Set Point: The ideal
normal value of a variable
–What is the set point for
body temperature?
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Negative Feedback
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Changes in Blood Pressure
During Exercise
• Deviation from
the usual range
of values helps
meet changing
demands
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Positive Feedback
• Positive Feedback: When a deviation occurs,
response is to make deviation greater
– Leads away from homeostasis
– Can result in death
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Terminology and Body Plan
• Anatomical Position
– Body erect, face forward,
feet together, palms face
forward
• Other Body Positions
– Supine: lying face upward
– Prone: lying face downward
• Directional Terms
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–
–
–
–
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Proximal versus Distal
Superficial versus Deep
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Directional Terms
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Body Parts and Regions
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Body Parts and Regions
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Body Planes
•
•
•
•
Sagittal / Midsagittal / Median
Frontal or Coronal
Transverse / Cross
Oblique: Other than at a right angle
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Body Cavities
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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Serous Membranes
• Cover the organs of trunk
cavities & line them
– Parietal lines cavity walls
– Visceral covers organs
– Serous fluid secreted for
lubrication by membranes
• Named for their specific
cavity & organs
– Pericardium refers to heart
– Pleura refers to lungs and
thoracic cavity
– Peritoneum refers to
abdominopelvic cavity
• Inflammation of the serous
membranes
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes
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Medical Imaging - Clinical Focus
• X-Ray or radiograph is shadowy negative of internal body structures
• CT or computed tomography is refined version of an x-ray and slices
body
• DSR or dynamic spatial reconstruction is three dimensional imaging
and allows movement
• DSA or Digital Subtraction Angiography is comparison of radiographs
with and without dye. Used often in blood vessel studies.
• Sonography or ultrasound is inexpensive and safer than ionizing
radiation
• MRI or magnetic resonance imaging produces high-contrast imaging
of soft tissues
• PET or Positron emission tomographic scan is used to study active
cells
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