Download Skeletal System - Prelab 1

Skeletal System - Prelab 1
1. Which bones contain the paranasal sinuses? What function do the sinuses serve?
2. What two areas are separated from each other by the hard palate? Name the two bones that form the hard palate.
3. Most of the nasal septum is formed by what bones (be specific)?
4. The main sources of oxygenated blood supplying the brain are the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Deoxygenated blood leaves
the brain by way of the internal jugular veins. What openings in the axial skeleton transmit these vital blood vessels?
5. What important nerves are transmitted throught the cribriform plate and optic foraminae? What special senses would be affected if
these nerves were damaged?
6. What is the function of the hyoid bone?
7. What delicate structures are protected by the petrous portion of the temporal bone?
8. What connection occurs within the foramen magnum?
9. The occipital condyles participate in forming which joint?
10. What endocrine gland is cradled by the sella turcica?
11. The condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa to form which joint?
12. A fracture of the orbit (from a fist, for example) could potentially damage which bones?
13. What are fontanels? What is their function?
14. Why are the lacrimal bones so named?
15. Which two bones form the zygomatic arch? Where can the arch be palpated externally?
16. What are the alveoli and in which bones are they found?
17. Where can the mastoid process be palpated externally?
Skeletal System - Prelab 2
1. What is transmitted through the intervertebral foraminae?
2. What important neural structure passes through the vertebral foraminae?
3. What is the function of the articular facets on the vertebrae?
4. What is a herniated (slipped) disc and what symptoms might it produce? How could a laminectomy relieve the symptoms?
5. Why are the transverse processes best developed in the thoracic vertebrae?
6. Why do lumbar vertebrae have the heaviest bodies?
Skeletal System - Prelab 3
1. Describe how various bones form the following articulations.
a. attachment of clavicle to axial skeleton and upper extremity
b. shoulder joint
c. elbow joint
d. hip joint
e. knee joint
f. sacroiliac joint
2. Describe the anatomy of the carpal tunnel. What is the clinical significance of this passage?
3. What is a sesamoid bone? Give an example.
4. What large nerve enters the gluteal region from the pelvis by way of the greater sciatic notch?
5. What three structures are typically damaged from a blow to the lateral aspect of the knee joint?
6. Where can the following bony landmarks be palpated externally?
a. anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest
b. medial malleolus, lateral malleolus
c. medial epicondyle
d. spine, acromion and coracoid process of scapula
e. styloid processes of radius and ulna
f. olecranon process
g. tibial tuberosity
h. pubic symphysis
7. List the bones which comprise the pelvis (pelvis = basin). Compare the greater (false) pelvis with the lesser (true) pelvis. What are
the principal structural differences between typical female and male pelvises, and why do these differences exist?
The Skeletal System
Bone Markings
The Axial Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations and Body Movements
Depressions and openings
Fissure – a narrow, slit-like opening through which blood vessels or nerves pass
Fontanel – space between cranial bones at birth
Foramen – a rounded opening through which blood vessels, ligaments or nerves pass
Fossa – a shallow, basin-like depression
Meatus – a tube or passageway within a bone
Paranasal sinus – an air-filled cavity within a bone lined with a mucous membrane;
connects to the nasal cavity
Sulcus – a groove that allows passage of a blood
vessel, nerve or tendon
The Skeleton: Framework of bones and cartilage that protects
organs and allows movement of body parts.
Functions
1. Provides attachments for muscles, thus acting as
levers to produce movement.
2. Protects internal organs.
3. Mineral storage - Ca2+
4. Hematopoiesis - blood formation (marrow)
Types of bones
Long bones - greater length than width; curved for strength to absorb stress of body weight (otherwise would break); both compact and
spongy (humerus)
Short bones - cube-shaped; nearly equal in width and length; spongy except at surface
(carpal and tarsal)
Flat bones - Thin; composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone (cranial bones)
Irregular bones - bizarre shapes including vertebrae; variable amounts of spongy and compact
Sesamoid bones - sesame seed-shaped bones
embedded in tendons (patella in tendon of quadriceps femoris)
Sutural bones - AKA Wormian bones are small bones contained within joints of cranial bones
Processes to which muscles, tendons
or ligaments attach
Crest – a prominent border or ridge of bone
Epicondyle – a prominence above a condyle
Linea (line) – a ridge of bone less prominent than a
crest
Spinous process (spine) – a sharp, slender process
Trochanter – a very large prominence found only on
the femur
Tuberosity – a large, round, roughened process
Processes that help form joints
Divisions of the skeletal systems: Adult
has 206 bones
Axial skeleton - forms longitudinal axis of skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column including sacrum
Rib cage
Appendicular skeleton - forms the bones of the upper and lower
limbs
upper extremities
lower extremities
plus girdles (connect extremities to axial skeleton)
Condyle – Facet – Head – Ramus – a large, round articulating prominence
a smooth, flat articulating surface
a rounded articulating projection
supported on a narrowed neck
a projection of a bone that forms an angle with the largest part of the bone
All bones and features to know
Cranium
Sutures
• Coronal
• Sagittal
• Lambdoidal
• Squamosal
• Occipitomastoid suture
Cranial bones
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
Markings - occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance
• Temporal (petrous portion, squamous portion, mastoid process)
Markings - mandibular fossa, zygomatic process
(of the zygomatic arch), styloid process
• Sphenoid
Markings - sella turcica (“Turkish saddle”)
• Ethmoid
Markings - cribriform (“moth eaten”) plate, olfactory
foramina, perpendicular plate, crista galli (“cock’s comb”),
superior and middle nasal conchae
All bones and features to know - cont.
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity
Facial bones
• Maxilla (forms part of the hard palate)
Markings – alveoli, inferior nasal concha
• Zygomatic
• Nasal
• Lacrimal
• Palatine (forms part of the hard palate)
• Mandible
Markings - condylar process, alveoli
• Vomer
• Inferior nasal concha (turbinate)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Openings
• Foramen magnum (“big hole”) - occipital
• Carotid foramen (canal) - temporal
• Jugular foramen - occipital
• Superior orbital fissure
• Inferior orbital fissure
• Optic foramen
• Internal auditory meatus - temporal
• External auditory meatus - temporal
• Foramen rotundum - sphenoid
• Foramen ovale - sphenoid
• Foramen spinosum - sphenoid
• Foramen lacerum
• Mental foramen - mandible
• Hypoglossal canal
Vertebral Column
Parts of a “typical” vertebrae:
• Body
• Vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, spinous process)
• Vertebral foramen
• Transverse processes
• Spinous process
• Superior and inferior articular facets or processes
• Intervertebral foraminae
• Intervertebral discs
Specific vertebrae
• Atlas
• Axis
Markings - odontoid process or dens
• Cervical vertebrae
Markings - transverse foraminae, bifid spines
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
The Bony Thorax
Sternum:
• 3 bones of the sternum - manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular
notch, clavicular notch
Ribs:
• Types - true, false, floating
• Costal cartilages
Clavicle
Scapula:
left vs. right, glenoid cavity (fossa), spine, acromion, coracoid
process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa
Humerus:
left vs. right, head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, shaft, medial
epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea, olecranon fossa,
deltoid tuberosity
Radius:
head, shaft, radial tuberosity, styloid process
Ulna:
olecranon process, trochlear notch, shaft, styloid process
Bones of the wrist and hand,
metacarpals - hamate, capitate, pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, trapezium, trapezoid, scaphoid, phalanges, proximal,
middle, distal
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Coxal bone:
Ilium:
iliac crest, greater sciatic notch, anterior superior iliac spine,
iliac fossa
Ischium:
ischial tuberosity
Pubis
Other markings of the coxal bone:
Pubic symphysis, acetabulum, obturator foramen, sacroiliac joint
Femur:
left vs. right, head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter,
shaft, medial condyle, lateral condyle, gluteal tuberosity
Patella
Tibia:
left vs. right, medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity,
shaft, medial malleolus, intercondylar eminence
Fibula:
head, shaft, lateral malleolus
Tarsals:
talus, calcaneus, others as a group
Metatarsals (not separately but as a group)
Phalanges (not separately but as a group)
Knee joint
Tendon of the quadriceps femoris
Patellar ligament
Medial collateral (tibial) ligament
Lateral collateral (fibular) ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Paranasal sinuses
•
•
•
•
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal air cells (sinus)
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Axial Skeleton
Identify the following bones and their markings.
Skull
Vertebral Column including Sacrum
Rib cage
Sacrum
Paranasal sinuses
Appendicular skeleton
Forms the bones of the upper and lower limbs
Identifications: With the aid of your Lab Manual, identify the following bones and their markings.
upper extremities
lower extremities
plus girdles (connect extremities to axial skeleton)
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb