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Tuesday April 4th, 2017
• Today: Start
Cardiovascular Unit
“There’s only one thing I hate more than
lying: skim milk. Which is water that’s
lying about being milk” – Ron Swanson
Happy National Walk Around Things Day
Fun Fact: 64% of Americans allegedly
prefer their cats’ company to their
significant others
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Part 1: The Blood
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• Blood: liquid connective tissue with 3 general functions
1. Transportation: blood transports oxygen from the lungs
to the cells in the body
– Transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs so it
can be expelled from the body
2. Regulation: blood regulates the pH of body fluids
3. Protection: blood clots in response to injury, protects
against excessive blood loss
– White blood cells protect against diseases
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
• Classified as connective tissue
• Color range
– Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
– Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
• pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
• Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to body tissues
• Transports carbon dioxide, heat and metabolic waste away
from body tissues
BLOOD & BLOOD CELLS
• Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells
– plasma (55% of volume)
• Nonliving fluid
• dissolved salts, sugars, proteins,
and more
– Formed elements (45% of volume)
• red blood cells (RBC)
– transport O2 in hemoglobin
• white blood cells (WBC)
– defense & immunity
• platelets
– blood clotting
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)
• The main function is to carry oxygen
• Contain the protein Hemoglobin
• Biconcave disks
• Anucleate (no nucleus)
• Most Abundant of the Formed Elements
• Average life span is 100 -120 days
• 5-6 million erythrocytes in a drop of
human blood
HEMOGLOBIN
• Iron-containing protein
• Transports bulk of oxygen
carried in the blood
• Each hemoglobin
molecule has four oxygen
binding sites
• Each erythrocyte has 250
million hemoglobin
molecules
LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
• Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
• Complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
• Leukocytosis: above normal levels of leukocytes
• Leukopenia: abnormally low leukocyte levels
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
1. Neutrophils
– Main function is phagocytosis
– Most numerous leukocyte
2. Eosinophils
– Respond to allergies and infections causes by parasitic worms
3. Basophils
– Contain histamine granules which initiate inflammation
• Histamine: inflammatory chemical which attracts other white
blood cells to the site of infection, causing inflammation
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
4. Lymphocytes
– Play a role in the immune response, some
produce antibodies
5. Monocytes
– Largest of the white blood cells
– Important in fighting chronic infection
– Also participate in phagocytosis
PLATELETS(THROMBOCYTES)
• Derived from megakaryocytes:
– Ruptured fragments of
multinucleate cells
• Needed for the clotting process
• Normal platelet count =
300,000/mm3
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1
1. Anucleate cells, bioconcave shaped, contain
hemoglobin, and their main function is to carry
oxygen
2. Leukocytes which produce histamine during an
allergic reaction
3. Needed for the clotting process
4. Leukocytes which play a role in the immune
response and produce antibodies
5. Complete cells(nucleus, organelles) which are
critical in the body’s defense against disease
6. Iron containing protein, transports the bulk of the
oxygen carried in the blood
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1
1. Anucleate cells, bioconcave shaped, contain
hemoglobin, and their main function is to carry
oxygen
1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes which produce histamine during an
2. Basophils
3. Needed for the clotting process
3. Platelets
allergic reaction
4. Leukocytes which play a role in the immune
response and produce antibodies
5. Complete cells(nucleus, organelles) which are
4. Lymphocytes
critical in the body’s defense against disease
5. Leukocytes
6. Iron containing protein, transports the bulk of the
6. Hemoglobin
oxygen carried in the blood
HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS
• Antigen: substances that our body recognizes as foreign
• Antibodies: genetically determined protein molecules in
our blood that stick to invading antigens
– Antigens then clump together
Rice Krispy Question
1. On a rice krispy what would the marshmallow
represent?
Antibodies
2. What do the crisp represent?
Antigens
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• Based on the presence or absence of two antigens ON the red blood cell
• Type A
• Type B
• Blood is “typed”/categorized using antibodies found in the plasma
• Antibodies will clump/attach to certain antigens causing the blood to clump
• For Example: A Type A red blood cell has type A antigens on it and B antibodies
in the plasma. If Type B blood is donated to the Type A individual the B antibodies
in the Type A individual will attack/clump the Type B blood cells causing a blood
clot
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• Blood Group A
• A antigens on surface of red blood cells
and B antibodies in your plasma
• If Type B blood is donated to a Type A
individual what do you think will
happen? (include antigens and
antibodies in your answer)
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• Blood Group B
• B antigens on surface of red blood
cells and A antibodies in your
plasma
• If Type A blood is donated to a Type
B individual what do you think will
happen? (include antigens and
antibodies in your answer)
The A antibodies in the
Type B blood plasma will
attack/clump to the A
antigens on the Type A
blood cell
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• Blood Group AB
• Both A and B antigens on surface of
red blood cells and no A and B
antibodies in your plasma
• Universal Recipient
• Why is it called the universal
recipient? (include antigens and
antibodies in your answer)
Because it doesn’t have
any antibodies in it’s
plasma to attack the
antigens on Type A
blood or Type B blood
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• Blood Group O
– No antigens on surface of red blood
cells, have both A and B antibodies
in your plasma
– Universal Donor
– Why is it called the universal donor?
(include antigens and antibodies in
your answer)
Because it doesn’t have
any antigens on the cell
that can be attacked by
the persons antibodies
A
B
AB
O
Red Blood
Cell Type
Antibodies
in Plasma
Antigens on
Red Blood
Cell
Blood Types
Compatible
NONE
NONE
A,O
B,O
A,B,AB,O
O
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 2
1. Why can type O blood only receive blood from
another type O donor
2. Substances which our body recognizes as
foreign
3. List all the possible blood types that someone
with type B blood can donate to
4. Why can type AB blood only donate to someone
else with type AB blood
5. Which blood type is known as the universal
donor and which is the universal recipient
6. Protein molecules in our blood which stick to
invading antigens
1. Why can type O blood only receive
blood from another type O donor
2. Substances which our body
recognizes as foreign
3. List all the possible blood types
that someone with type B blood
can donate to
1. The A & B antibodies in the plasma would
attach the antigens on Type A, B and AB
2. Antigens
3. B and AB
4. Why can type AB blood only
4. Since it contains both antigens on the cell it can be
donate to someone else with type
attacked by the antibodies in Type A, B and O
AB blood
5. Which blood type is known as the
universal donor and which is the
universal recipient
6. Protein molecules in our blood
which stick to invading antigens
5. Universal Donor- Type O
Universal Recipient-Type AB
6. Antibodies