Download PerfectPassivesL3: what verb does it come from?

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LATIN STUDY PACK
TECHNICAL QUESTION [Q3]
Translation [Q2]
Vocabulary + Terms
Past Paper
LEVEL THREE
LEVEL 3 Technical Questions Practice
Verbs
1. What mood is verb X in [subjunctive] and why? (Purpose Clause/Indirect Command after UT/NE)
2. Find a verb in the passive voice. Endings R RIS TUR MUR MINI NTUR
Or verb formed of 2 bits, PPP + part of sum e.g. amatus est/erat
3. Find a pluperfect verb. (active) –ERAT, -VERAT, -SERAT e.g. dederat, amaverant
(passive) PPP + ERAM etc. e.g. amatus erat
4. What is the tense of the verb X? (present, imperfect was-bat, future, perfect VIT/UIT/SIT, pluperfect)
5. Give the person of verb X. (1st, 2nd 3rd person)
6. Give the number of verb X. (singular, plural)
7. Find a verb in the participle form.
Present participle [-ns, -ntis] PPP [amatus, missus]
8. Change verb X into the imperfect/present tense, keeping number and person the same.
e.g. portavit > portabat (imperfect), portat (present)
9. Give the first person singular of the present indicative active of verb X (= what does verb X come from?)
They like irregular/confusing ones – tulit (fero), potuit (possum), posuit (pono)
They love the eo verbs – rediit (redeo), iniit (ineo), perierunt (pereo), transierunt (transeo)
10. What is the subject of the verb X? (= who is doing the verb?) e.g. puella ridet = ‘puella’
11. What is the object of the verb X? (= who/what is having the verb done to them?) e.g. viam videmus = ‘viam’
12. Find a present infinitive. (to… = -RE e.g. AMARE; also ESSE, NOLLE, VELLE)
13. Find a prolative infinitive. (= any normal infinitive after a verb, e.g. dormire amo = I like to sleep)
14. Find an imperative. (-A/-E/-I or -TE, always “in speech marks”, often with ‘!’ at end of sentence)
15. Find a negative imperative/prohibition. (NOLI/NOLITE + infinitive)
Nouns
1. What case is X in? Why is X in this case?
- Dative after impero / credo / persuadeo / verb of giving
- Accusative after preposition taking accusative OR accusative of time
- Ablative after preposition taking ablative OR ablative of time
2. Give the nominative singular of X.
3. What gender is X? How do we know this?
- Usually there’s an adjective next to the noun. This will tell you the gender.
4. Explain the connection between X and the English word Y
- Translate X then what Y means using the same words.
5. Change noun X into the singular/plural, keeping the case the same.
Adjectives
1. X is a superlative adjective. Give the positive (basic) and comparative of this adjective.
2. X is a comparative adjective. Give the positive (basic) and superlative of this adjective.
3. Give the positive form of adjective X in the nominative masculine singular = “what is the basic form of this
adjective?”
e.g. biggest/maximus comes from big/magnus
Pronouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What does eum/eam/eius/ei/eo/ea/eas/eos/id come from? IS
What does illum/illam/illius/illi/illo/illa/illas/illos/illud come from? ILLE
What does ipsum/ipsam/ipsius/ipsi/ipso/ipsa/ipsas/ipsos come from? IPSE
What does hunc/hanc/hoc/huius/huic/hac/has/hos come from? HIC
Find a relative pronoun. (who/what = qui quae quod, cuius, cui)
Find a reflexive pronoun. (usually se/sibi – e.g. se amat = he loves himself; also te amas = you love yourself)
Give the nominative masculine singular of X (e.g. eum) = what does X come from (e.g. eum from IS)
Adverbs
Find an adverb in the passage.
CONTENTS
1.Verbs: Subjunctives [mood]
Page
4-5
2. Verbs: Voice
5
3.Verbs: Tense
5-7
4. Verbs: Pluperfect: recognise it
7
5. Verbs: Subject/object of a verb
7
6. Verbs: Participles – present active and PPP [past participle passive]
8
7. Verbs: Give person, number, tense and 1st person singular present indicative active of a verb
8-9
8. Verbs: Find a present infinitive [including PROLATIVE]
9
9.Verbs: Find an imperative
9-10
10.Verbs: Find a prohibition [negative imperative]
10
11. Nouns: What case is it in? Dative verbs
12. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Ablative
13. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Accusative
14.Nouns: What case is it in? Ablative of time when/within which
15.Nouns: What case is it in? Accusative of time how long
16. Nouns: What case is it in? Mixed
17. Nouns: what gender is the noun?
10
10-11
11
11
11
12
12
18. Nouns: Change from singular to plural / plural to singular
12-13
19. Nouns: give the nominative singular of X
13-14
20. Adjectives: Positive, comparative, superlative
21. Adjectives: what is the nominative singular masculine positive of X?
22. Pronouns: personal pronouns
14-15
15
15-16
23. Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns
16
24. Pronouns: Relative pronoun
17
25. Pronouns: Reflexive pronoun
17
26. Pronouns: give the nominative singular masculine of X
27. Adverbs: find an adverb in the passage
EXTRA: subject/object practice
EXTRA: English to Latin
EXTRA: derivations
EXTRA: crosswords
EXTRA: translation methods
EXTRA: vocabulary
EXTRA: terms
EXTRA: practice paper [6 Nov 2014 L3]
EXTRA: revision checklist
18
18
19
20-24
25-28
29-31
32-35
36-38
39-40
41-47
48
1.Verbs: Subjunctives [mood] – remember you only learn the IMPERFECT subjunctive
‘What mood is _______ and why?’
[Mood: Indicative or Subjunctive]
Either: (i) Subjunctive after ut/ne in a purpose/final clause
e.g. puella ex urbe cucurrit ut effugeret: ‘effugeret’ subjunctive after ut in a final clause
e.g. puella ex urbe exiit ne caperetur: ‘caperetur’ subjunctive after ne in a final clause
(ii) Subjunctive after ut/ne in indirect command – look for PRIM [persuadeo, rogo, impero, moneo]
e.g. puella matri persuasit ut eum iuvaret: ‘iuvaret’ subjunctive after ut in indirect question
e.g. puella matrem rogat ne canis occideretur: ‘occideretur’ subjunctive after ne in indirect question
1.puella Romam ivit ut amicos inveniret. What mood is ‘inveniret’ and why? _________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2.milites oppidum oppugnaverunt ut deleretur. What mood is ‘deleretur’ and why?___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3.princeps de nave descendit ne necaretur. What mood is ‘necaretur’ and why?______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4.puella patri imperavit ut amicos inveniret. What mood is ‘inveniret’ and why? ______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5.dominus servos monuit ne dormirent. What mood is ‘dormirent’ and why?________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6.servi domino persuaserunt ut eos iuvarent. What mood is ‘iuvarent’ and why?______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.mater filiam rogavit ne cantaret. What mood is ‘cantaret’ and why?______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
8.pater filium punivit ne iterum id faceret. What mood is ‘faceret’ and why?_________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9.regina ex insula navigavit ne oppugnaretur. What mood is ‘oppugnaretur’ and why?_________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10.regina filiam petivit ut eam servaret. What mood is ‘servaret’ and why?__________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.puellae reginam monuerunt ne effugeret. What mood is ‘effugeret’ and why?_____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12.ancilla reginae persuasit ut sibi pecuniam daret. What mood is ‘daret’ and why?____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
BONUS: what does ‘sibi’ mean and who is it referring to?_________________________________________________
EXTRA: ‘militibus imperavit ut exirent’. What mood and tense is this? Mood = subjunctive; tense = imperfect
You only learn the imperfect subjunctive so it can’t be any other tense!
1.Ancillae persuasi ut laboraret. What mood and tense is laboraret? Mood ______________ Tense ___________
2.servis imperavi ut dormirent. What mood and tense is dormirent? Mood __________ Tense _______________
2. Verbs: Voice
Active voice = I love
Passive voice = I am loved
‘What voice is ______________?’
Active
Passive
o/m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur
i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt amavi
amatus sum
amatus eram
amaveram
What voice is: 1.amat_____________ 2.amatur____________3.amabat ___________ 4.amabatur____________
5.amabit_____________6.amabitur_____________7.reget__________8.regetur_____________9.it____________
10.amavit_________11.amatus est__________12.amaverat____________13.amatus erat_________________
14.regebamini___________15.audiemur__________16.audiemus_____________17.audiris__________________
18.captus est__________19.missi erant__________20.regeretur___________22.caperemus_________________
23.amabar____________24.amabor___________25.amati sunt____________26. amata erat __________________
27.positum est_______28. pulsa erat ___________29.pepulit ______________30.pellebatur____________________
3.Verbs: Tense
Fill in the blanks in the table.
Present
He loves, he is loving
Future
He will love
Amabit
Imperfect
He was loving
Monet
Perfect
He loved, he has loved
Amavit
Monuit
Reget
Audiebat
Cepit
It
Ivit/iit
Erit
Potuit
Group 1: look for letter A after the stem.
Amat
Amabat
Amabit
Amavit
1 ‘Amavit’ means he loved. What is the Latin for he was loving?____________________________
2 Rogavit means he asked. What is the Latin for he asks? ____________________________
3 Nuntiaverunt means he announced. What is the Latin for they will announce? ____________________________
4 Servavit means she saved. What is the Latin for she was saving? ____________________________
5 Necavit means it killed. What is the Latin for it is killing? ____________________________
Group 2: E after the stem. Usually U in the perfect.
Monet
Monebat
Monebit
Monuit
1 Monuit means he warned. What is the Latin for he was warning? ____________________________
2 Timuit means he feared. What is the Latin for he is fearing? ____________________________
3 Terruit means he frightened. What is the Latin for he will fear? ____________________________
4 Delevit means he destroyed. What is the Latin for he destroys? ____________________________
Group 3: usually S in the perfect.
Regit
Regebat
Reget
Rexit
1 Rexit means he ruled. What is the Latin for he is ruling? ____________________________
2 Scripsit means he wrote. What is the Latin for he was writing? ____________________________
3 Duxit means he led. What is the Latin for he will rule? ____________________________
4 Dixit means he said. What is the Latin for he says? ____________________________
5 Dixerunt means they said. What is the Latin for they say? ____________________________
6 Discessit means she departed. What is the Latin for she is departing? ____________________________
7 Consumpsit means it ate. What is the Latin for it will eat? ____________________________
8 Misit means she sent. What is the Latin for she was sending? ____________________________
Group 4: look for letter I after the stem.
Audit
Audiebat
Audiet
Audivit
1 Audivit means he heard. What is the Latin for he was hearing? ____________________________
2 Punivit means he punished. What is the Latin for he is punishing? ____________________________
3 Dormiverunt means they slept. What is the Latin for they are sleeping? ____________________________
4 Custodiverunt means they guarded. What is the Latin for they will guard? ____________________________
5 Venerunt means they came. What is the Latin for they were coming? ____________________________
6 Punivit means he punished. What is the Latin for he was punishing? ____________________________
Group 3½: main vowel in stem changes to E
Facit
Faciebat
Faciet
Fecit
1 Fecit means he made. What is the Latin for he was making? ____________________________
2 Ceperunt means they took. What is the Latin for they are taking? ____________________________
3 Iecerunt means they threw. What is the Latin for they will throw? ____________________________
4 Acceperunt means they received. What is the Latin for they are receiving? ____________________________
5 Interfecerunt means they killed. What is the Latin for they were killing? ____________________________
6 Cepit means she took. What is the Latin for she was taking? ____________________________
4. Verbs: Pluperfect: recognise it
Active
Passive
Perfect stem + eram
PPP + eram
Plupf Active
Plupf Passive
Amaveram
Amatus eram
Amav-eram
Amatus eram
Amaveras
Amatus eras
Monu-eram
Monitus eram
Amaverat
Amatus erat
Mis-eram
Missus eram
Amaveramus
Amati eramus
Cep-eram
Captus eram
Amaveratis
Amati eratis
amaverant
Amati erant
Circle the pluperfects in the following groups of verbs:
Amabat
amavit
amaverat
amabantur
amati sunt
amata erat
amabimur
Monebat
monuerat
monuit
moneberis
monitus erat
monebaris
moniti erant
Regemus
rexisti
regebamus
recti sumus
rexeramus
recti eramus
regebantur
Audita erat
audiverunt
audiverant
audiebant
audita est
audita sunt
auditae erant
Ceperunt
ceperant
ceperat
captus es
capiebat
captus eras
captus sum
Ibant
ierant
ierunt
redierant
rediit
exieras
redibat
Erat
fuit
fuerat
erunt
fuerunt
fuerant
erant
Translate:
Milites, postquam ex urbe discesserant, ad mare iverunt _____________________________________________
Servi, ubi ad urbem advenerant, laeti erant ________________________________________________________
Regina, quamquam rex necatus erat, laeta erat ______________________________________________________
5. Verbs: Subject/object of a verb [work out carefully who’s doing the verb!]
1. regina puellas laudavit. Subject of laudavit = _______________ Object of laudavit = ____________________
2. puella ancillam vidit. eam iuvit. Subject of iuvit = _________________ Object of iuvit = ___________________
3. rex copias, quae plurimae erant, collegit. Subject of collegit = _______________ Object = ____________________
4. regina, quae servos ceperat, eos liberavit. Subject of ceperat = _______________ Object = _________________
Subject of liberavit = _________________ Object = ____________________
5. rex iratus erat. milites adesse iussit. Subject of iussit = ________________ Object of iussit = __________________
6. rex milites convocavit. eum audiverunt. Subject of audiverunt = _______________ Object = __________________
7. rex servos liberavit quod eum iuverant. Subject of iuverant = ______________ Object = ___________________
8. socii oppidum, ubi id oppugnaverant, deleverunt. Subject of oppugnaverunt = ___________ Object = _________
9. milites, postquam puellas viderunt, riserunt. Subject of viderunt = _______________ Object = _______________
10. servus laetus erat. rex eum laudavit. Subject of laudavit = _______________ Object = ____________________
11.servus laetus erat. pecuniam invenit. Subject of invenit = _______________ Object = ____________________
12.dominus servos punivit quod eum oppugnaverunt. Subject of oppugnaverunt = ___________ Object = _________
6. Verbs: Participles – present active and PPP [past participle passive]
Present Participle
[adjective formed from
verb]
Active
Amans, amantis
Regens, regentis
Iens, euntis
Loving
Ruling
Going
Past Participle
[adjective formed from
verb]
Passive
Amatus, amata, amatum
Captus, capta, captum
Missus, missa, missum
[having been] loved
[having been] captured
[having been] sent
1.magister pueros clamantes punivit. What is clamantes an example of? ____________________________________
2.magister pueros vulneratos iuvit. What is vulneratos an example of? _____________________________________
3.magister puellas cantantes laudavit. What is cantantes an example of? ___________________________________
4.magister puellas captas liberavit. What is captas an example of? ________________________________________
5.dominus servos laborantes laudavit. What is laborantes an example of? __________________________________
6.dominus servos punitos vidit. What is punitos an example of? ___________________________________________
7.cives, ad oppidum adeuntes, fessi erant. What is adeuntes an example of? _________________________________
8.cives, ab hostibus oppugnati, fessi erant. What is oppugnati an example of? ________________________________
7. Verbs: Give person, number, tense and 1st person singular present indicative active of a verb
Person
Number
Tense
1st person singular = ‘I’
1st
Singular
Present
2nd
Plural
Future
present = basic tense
3rd
Imperfect
Perfect
indicative = not subjunctive
So ‘1st person present indicative active’ means ‘what is the basic form of the verb’.
0.‘amavit’ = 3rd person / singular / perfect / from amo
1.’posuit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
2.’potuit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
3.’potuerant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
4.’posuerat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
5.’tulit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
6.’tulerant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
7.’erat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
8.’erimus’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
9.’exiit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
10.’redierat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
11.’periit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
12.’poterat’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
Pluperfect
active = not passive
13.’poteritis’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
14.’fuit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
15.’pepulit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
16.’vicerunt’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
17.’reliquit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
18.’coegit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
19.’coegerant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
20.’iussit’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
21.’latus est’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
22.’lati erant’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
23.’pellebantur’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
24.’pulsa est’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
25.’regetis’ = ________ / ________ / _________ / from _________________
8. Verbs: Find a present infinitive [including PROLATIVE]
Infinitive: -RE = to… [ama-re = to love]
Amare
To love
Monere
To warn
Regere
To rule
Audire
To hear
Capere
To take
Ferre
To carry
Esse
To be
Nolle
To not want
Velle
To want
Ire
To go
N.B. PROLATIVE INFINITIVE = an infinitive following a verb.
Fugere constituit = he decided to flee
Me dormire iussit = he ordered me to sleep
Fugere cupivit = he desired to flee
Dormire voluit = he wanted to sleep
Dormire amavit = he loved to sleep
Dormire noluit = he didn’t want to sleep
Translate:
1.Exire voluit = ___________________________________ 2. Redire noluit = ________________________________
3.Fugere constituit = ______________________________ 4. Me laetum esse iussit = _________________________
5.Me abesse iussit = ______________________________ 6. Puellam ferre constituit = _________________________
7.Ludere cupivit = ________________________________ 8.Abire noluit = ___________________________________
9.He desired to stay = __________________cupivit
10.He didn’t want to run = ___________________nolebat
11.He loved to sing = _________________ amavit
12.He decided to charge = _________________constituit
9.Verbs: Find an imperative
Sing
Plur
SPEECH:
Ama
Amate
Love!
Mone
Monete
Warn!
Rege
Regite
Rule!
Audi
Audite
Hear!
Cape
Capite
Take!
“Imperatives are always in speech marks”
Es
Este
Be!
I
Ite
Go!
Duc
Ducite
Lead!
Fac
Facite
Do!
Fer
Ferte
Carry!
!
“Imperatives are usually followed by an exclamation mark!”
Translate each of the following:
1.ride!_______________2.ridete!_____________3.festina!_____________4.festinate!________________5.i!______
6.ite!_______7.exi!___________8.exite!__________9.peri!_____________10.perite!______________
11.abi!___________12.abite!________________13.redi!________________14.redite!____________15.es!________
16.este!_________17.abes!__________18.adeste!_____________19.duc!____________20.ducite!______________
21.fac!__________22.facite!___________23.fer!__________24.ferte!_____________25.rege!______________
26.regite!___________27.cape!__________28.capite!_______________29.veni!_________30.venite!____________
31. rex servis clamavit, “servi, ad urbem redite!”________________________________________________________
32. servi regibus respondit, “nos audi, o rex”___________________________________________________________
10.Verbs: Find a prohibition [negative imperative]
Sing
Plur
Noli
nolite
+ inf
+ inf
Noli/nolite is the imperative of nolo = be unwilling to…
“Noli dormire!”
“Nolite dormire!”
“Don’t sleep!”
“Don’t sleep!”
A polite way of saying “don’t”
1.Rex servis dixit, “nolite abire!” ____________________________________________________________________
2.Rex hostibus dixit, “nolite me interficere!”___________________________________________________________
3.Rex puero dixit, “noli cantare!”____________________________________________________________________
4.Rex puellae dixit, “noli iterum abesse!”_____________________________________________________________
5.dea Troiano dixit, “noli Troiam redire!”_____________________________________________________________
6.dea Troianis dixit, “nolite Troiam redire!”___________________________________________________________
11. Nouns: What case is it in? Dative verbs
Persuadeo, impero, credo + dative / give X to Y / prepare X for Y / say X to Y
1. puella reginae persuasit ut effugeret. What case is reginae in and why? ___________________________________
2. regina puellae credidit. What case is puellae in and why? ______________________________________________
3. regina puellae imperavit ne dormiret. What case is puellae in and why? ___________________________________
4. rex mulieri respondit “nolo abire”. What case is mulieri in and why? _____________________________________
5. rex civibus nuntiavit “manete!” What case is civibus in and why? ________________________________________
6. servus domino cibum dedit. What case is domino in and why? __________________________________________
7. servi pueris cibum paraverunt. What case is pueris in and why? ________________________________________
8. ancillae sociis aquam dederunt. What case is sociis in and why? _________________________________________
9. cives regi persuaserunt ut se iuvaret. What case is regi in and why? ______________________________________
10. rex civibus imperavit ut pugnarent. What case is civibus in and why? ____________________________________
12. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Ablative
1. rex in aqua mansit. What case is aqua in and why? ___________________________________________________
2. rex de montibus ivit. What case is montibus in and why? ______________________________________________
3. piscis sub aqua habitat. What case is aqua in and why? ________________________________________________
4. regina ex insula navigavit. What case is insula in and why? _____________________________________________
5. regina ab agricola oppugnata est. What case is agricola in and why? _____________________________________
6. miles pro amicis stetit. What case is amicis in and why? _______________________________________________
7. rex sine custodibus ambulavit. What case is custodibus in and why? _____________________________________
8.cives de morte regis audiverunt. What case is morte in and why? ________________________________________
9. regina cum amicis ambulabat. What case is amicis in and why? _________________________________________
13. Nouns: What case is it in? Preposition + Accusative
1. rex ad montes ivit. What case is montes in and why?__________________________________________________
2.puer circum oppidum cucurrit. What case is oppidum in and why? _______________________________________
3.rex prope flumen dormivit. What case is flumen in and why? ____________________________________________
4.Odysseus trans mare navigavit. What case is mare in and why? __________________________________________
5.puellae in aquam se iecerunt. What case is aquam in and why? __________________________________________
6.propter vulnera Hector mortuus est. What case is vulnera in and why? ____________________________________
7. per viam cucurrimus. What case is viam in and why? __________________________________________________
8. Julius post Marcum advenit. What case is Marcum in and why? _________________________________________
9. Marcus ante Julium advenit. What case is Julius in and why? ____________________________________________
14.Nouns: What case is it in? Ablative of time when/within which
0.Rex tertia die advenit = the king arrived on the third day [WHEN]
0.Rex tribus diebus adveniet = the king will arrive [with]in three days [WITHIN WHICH]
1.Odysseus decimo anno domum revenit. What case is anno in and why ?___________________________________
2.Odysseus tribus diebus discedet. What case is diebus in and why? _______________________________________
3.Rex septem diebus advenit. What case is diebus in and why? ____________________________________________
4.Rex septimo die advenit. What case is die in and why? _________________________________________________
5.Odysseus septimo anno Ogygiam relinquit. What case is anno in and why? _________________________________
6.rex tertia hora advenit. What case is hora in and why? _________________________________________________
15.Nouns: What case is it in? Accusative of time how long
0.Odysseus multas dies in mari manebat = Odysseus remained for many days in the sea [HOW LONG]
1. Odysseus decem annos navigavit. What case is annos in and why? _______________________________________
2. Odysseus tres dies cum Cyclope mansit. What case is dies in and why? ___________________________________
3. multas horas virum exspectabamus. What case is horas in and why? _____________________________________
4.multas noctes in nave manebamus. What case is noctes in and why?______________________________________
5.unam horam dormivi. What case is horam in and why? _________________________________________________
16. Nouns: What case is it in? Mixed
1.rex in montes cucurrit. What case is montes in and why?_______________________________________________
2.rex in montibus mansit. What case is montibus in and why?_____________________________________________
3.rex de montibus ambulavit. What case is montibus in and why?__________________________________________
4.rex ad flumen contendit. What case is flumen in and why?______________________________________________
5.rex in flumine mansit. What case is flumen in and why?_________________________________________________
6.rex prope urbem dormivit. What case is urbem and why?_______________________________________________
7.rex servo credidit. What case is servo in and why?_____________________________________________________
8.rex militibus imperavit ut oppugnarent. What case is militibus in and why?_________________________________
9.rex trans aquam navigavit. What case is aquam in and why?_____________________________________________
10.rex multas dies contendit. What case is dies in and why? ______________________________________________
11.rex tertia die ad urbem advenit. What case is die in and why? __________________________________________
12.decimo anno Graeci Troiam ceperunt. What case is anno in and why? ____________________________________
17. Nouns: what gender is the noun?
Favourites:
Group 2 neuters (-a in plural looks like feminine) – e.g. scuta from scutum = neuter
Group 2 masc in accusative (-um looks like neuter) – e.g. servum from servus = masculine
Group 3 nouns masc/fem – you can’t tell from the ending what gender it is
Adjective:
often there will be an adjective with the noun that will tell you the gender.
Remember adjectives usually FOLLOW the noun.
[With some nouns the gender is obvious from the meaning: e.g. uxor = wife = feminine]
NOTE it means what gender is the noun in Latin, not in English! [e.g. gladius is masc in Latin, neut in English]
1.milites templa magna deleverunt. What gender is templa? (templum comes from…) __________________
2.milites saevi templa deleverunt. What gender is milites? (look at adjective) _______________________
3.mulieres saevae templa deleverunt. What gender is mulieres? (look at adjective) ___________________
4.hostes urbem magnam deleverunt. What gender is urbem? (look at adjective) ______________________
5.hostes servum parvum ceperunt. What gender is servum? (servus comes from…) ____________________
6.hostes comites miseros ceperunt. What gender is comites? (look at adjective) ________________________
7.hostes coniuges miseras ceperunt. What gender is coniuges? (look at adjective) __________________________
8.hostes coniuges miseros ceperunt. What gender is coniuges? (look at adjective) __________________________
9.miles gladium cepit. What gender is gladium? (gladium comes from…)_____________________________
10.miles equum cepit. What gender is equum? (equum comes from…) ______________________________
18. Nouns: Change from singular to plural / plural to singular
You need to know your tables for this one. No hiding spaces. Usually they use the accusative, but no guarantees.
0.dominus servum punivit. Change servum to the plural. __serv-os____
1.dominus servos punivit. Change servos to the singular. ______________
2.regina puellam laudavit. Change puellam to the plural. _______________
3.Romani templum aedificaverunt. Change templum to the plural. _________________
4.Romani militibus praemia dedurunt. Change militibus to the singular. __________________
5.Romani a Graecis oppugnati sunt. Change Graecis to the singular. ___________________
6.Caesar erat dux militum. Change militum to the singular. ________________________
7.Servi dominum amabat. Change servi to the singular. _____________________________
8.Rex pecuniam servo dedit. Change servo to the plural. _______________________________
9.Rex pecuniam puellae dedit. Change puellae to the plural. ____________________________
10.Rex pecuniam iuveni dedit. Change iuveni to the plural. ______________________________
11.Rex servum necavit. Change servum to the plural. __________________________________
12.Rex ancillam necavit. Change ancillam to the plural. _________________________________
13.Rex iuvenem necavit. Change iuvenem to the plural. ________________________________
14.Servus puellam amavit. Change servus to the plural. ________________________________
15.Puella servum amavit. Change puella to the plural. __________________________________
16.Senex uxorem amavit. Change senex to the plural. [stem = sen-] _______________________
19. Nouns: give the nominative singular of X
‘Nominative singular’ = the basic form of the noun, the one you find when you look it up in the vocabulary list
0.What is the nominative singular of servorum? ______servus________________
0.What is the nominative singular of militum? _______miles_________________
1.What is the nominative singular of corpora? ________________________
2.What is the nominative singular of vulnera? ________________________
3.What is the nominative singular of opera? ________________________
4.What is the nominative singular of itinera? ________________________
5.What is the nominative singular of coniuges? ________________________
6.What is the nominative singular of comites? ________________________
7.What is the nominative singular of militibus? ________________________
8.What is the nominative singular of noctem? ________________________
9.What is the nominative singular of magistros? ________________________
10.What is the nominative singular of nautis? ________________________
20. Adjectives: Positive, comparative, superlative
Positive
Clarus
Bonus
Magnus
Malus
Parvus
Multus
Pulcher
Sacer
Celer
Facilis
Difficilis
Famous
Good
Big
Bad
Small
Much, many
Pretty
Sacred
Quick
Easy
Difficult
Comparative
Clarior, -ius
Melior, -ius
Maior, -ius
Peior, -ius
Minor, -us
Plus
Pulchrior, -ius
Sacrior, -ius
Celerior, -ius
Facilior, -ius
Difficilior, -ius
More famous
Better
Bigger
Worse
Smaller
More
Prettier
More sacred
Quicker
Easier
Harder
Superlative
Clarissimus
Optimus
Maximus
Pessimus
Minimus
Plurimus
Pulcherrimus
Sacerrimus
Celerrimus
Facillimus
Difficillimus
Most/very famous
Best/very good
Biggest/very big
Worst/very bad
Smallest/very small
Most/very many
Prettiest/very pretty
Most sacred/very sacred
Quickest/very quick
Easiest/very easy
Hardest/very difficult
1.Puella pulcherrima erat. What part of the adjective is pulcherrima? ________________ What are the positive and
comparative forms of pulcherrima? Positive _______________ Comparative _____________________
2.Puella clarior quam soror est. What part of the adjective is clarior? _________________ What are the positive and
superlative forms of clarior? Positive ____________________ Superlative _________________________
3.Puella minor quam soror est. What part of the adjective is minor? __________________ What are the positive and
superlative forms of minor? Positive ___________________ Superlative __________________________
4.Urbs maxima erat. What part of the adjective is maxima? ________________ What are the positive and
comparative forms of maxima? Positive _______________ Comparative _____________________
5.Regina pessima erat. What part of the adjective is pessima? ________________ What are the positive and
comparative forms of pessima? Positive _______________ Comparative _____________________
6.Plures milites advenerunt. What part of the adjective is plures? __________________ What are the positive and
superlative forms of plures? Positive ___________________ Superlative __________________________
7.Hic labor facilior quam ille est. What part of the adjective is facilior? __________________ What are the positive
and superlative forms of facilior? Positive ___________________ Superlative __________________________
8.Equus est minimus. What part of the adjective is minimus? ________________________What are the positive and
comparative forms of minimus? Positive __________________Comparative ____________________
9.puellae meliores quam pueri sunt. What part of the adjective is meliores? __________________ What are the
positive and superlative forms of meliores? Positive ____________________ Superlative_______________________
10.Achilles est celerior quam Hector. What part of the adjective is celerior? ___________________ What are the
positive and superlative forms of celerior? Positive __________________ Superlative ______________________
11.Helena est femina notissima. What part of the adjective is notissima? ____________________ What are the
positive and comparative forms of notissima? Positive ________________ Comparative _____________________
12.hoc templum maius quam illud est. What part of the adjective is maius? ________________ What are the
positive and superlative forms of maius? Positive ___________________ Superlative _______________________
13.illud opus difficilius quam hoc est. What part of the adjective is difficilius? _________________ What are the
positive and superlative forms of difficilius? Positive __________________ Superlative______________________
14.Achilles est miles fortissimus. What part of the adjective is fortissimus? __________________What are the
positive and comparative forms of fortissimus? Positive ________________ Comparative ____________________
21. Adjectives: what is the nominative singular masculine positive of X?
Positive = basic ‘normal’ adjective, e.g. ‘good’ is the positive form of ‘better’
Nominative singular masculine = basic form of adjective, e.g. ‘BONUS’ or ‘CLARUS’ or ‘OMNIS’ [top left of table]
So ‘what is the nominative singular masculine positive of melior’
= ‘what adjective does melior come from’ = BONUS
1.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of maior? _____________________________________
2.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of peior? _____________________________________
3.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of optimus? _____________________________________
4.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of plurimi? _____________________________________
5.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of minimos? _____________________________________
6.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of celerrimus? _____________________________________
7.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of pulcherrima? _____________________________________
8.What is the nominative singular masculine positive of minorem? _____________________________________
22. Pronouns: personal pronouns
A person pronoun takes the place of a person: he, she, it, they
Main personal pronouns:
I
You (s)
We
You (pl)
He
She
It
They
They
They
Nom
Ego
Tu
Nos
Vos
Is
Ea
Id
Ei
Eae
Ea
Acc
Me
Te
Nos
Vos
Eum
Eam
Id
Eos
Eas
Ea
Gen
Mei
Tui
Nostrum
Vestrum
Eorum
Earum
Eorum
Dat
Mihi
Tibi
Nobis
Vobis
Abl
Me
Te
Nobis
Vobis
Eius
Ei
Eo
Ea
Eis
Eo
Eis
[Also: ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD and HIC, HAEC, HOC when on their own.]
Circle the personal pronouns in the following word list:
Ego
te
servus hoc
iam
me
Mitto mihi
itis
ei
redeunt
Nostrum
novem
vobis
novum
vos
non
nos
nobilis
eum
tibi
eis
vestrum
tu
nobis
rex
mulier
servum ne
mei
id
illud
servis regis
hunc
tui
rui
Circle the personal pronouns in the following sentences:
1.eam amo
2.illa me amat 3.puella eum amat
7.illam amo
8.hae me amant
12.illae te amant
4.puella hunc amat
5.hic puellam amat
9.nomen eius est Julia 10.pecuniam illi dedi
13.tu pecuniam huic dedisti
14.nos eas amamus
6.hanc amo
11.ego illas amo
15.praemium illis dedimus
23. Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstro means ‘I show/point out’.
‘Pointy’ pronouns/adjectives are:
1. THIS (or he she it)
HIC, HAEC, HOC
2.THAT (or he she it)
ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD
3.THAT (or he she it)
IS, EA, ID
Circle the demonstrative pronouns in the following word list:
Hunc
servus te
illi
eum
me
servo
huic
quem iterum non
Illud
puellam nos
eam
has
habes horum abeunt eos
Illas
puellas vos
se
illorum gladiorum earum
rex
harum ne
illam
hos
imus
illis
his
viis
eis
illius ei
eius
cuius
suus
Circle the demonstrative pronouns in the following sentences:
1.eam amo
2.illa me amat 3.puella eum amat
7.illam amo
8.hae me amant
12.illae te amant
4.puella hunc amat
5.hic puellam amat
9.nomen eius est Julia 10.pecuniam illi dedi
13.tu pecuniam huic dedisti
14.nos eas amamus
6.hanc amo
11.ego illas amo
15.praemium illis dedimus
Translate the following sentences:
1.puella puerum amat. Hic illam amat =__________________________________________________________
2.puella puerum vidit. Eum salutavit = ___________________________________________________________
3.puella puerum vidit. Hic eam salutavit = ________________________________________________________
24. Pronouns: Relative pronoun
Relative pronoun = who/what = QUI QUAE QUOD
Singular
Masc
Fem
Nom
Qui
Quae
Acc
Quem
Quam
Gen of
Cuius
Dat to/for
Cui
Abl by/with/from Quo
Qua
Circle all the relative pronouns in this list.
Hic
quae
cum
quod
ille
Quorum
illorum
horum
Quas
easdem
quos
illas
qui
Plural
Neut
Quod
Quod
Masc
Qui
Quos
Quorum
Fem
Quae
Quas
Quarum
Quibus
Quibus
Quo
huius
cuius
harum
illos eos
illius
eiusdem
quibus
quam eo
quo
Neut
Quae
Quae
Quorum
ipsius quas
illas
quem ei
illi
cui
illa
idem
eas
qua
25. Pronouns: Reflexive pronoun
These are used when the subject does something to themselves, e.g. elle se lave = she washes herself
Nom
Ego
Tu
-
Nos
Vos
Acc
Me
Te
Se
Nos
Vos
Gen
Mei
Tui
Sui
Nostrum
Vestrum
Dat
Mihi
Tibi
Sibi
Nobis
Vobis
Abl
Me
Te
Se
Nobis
Vobis
‘SE’ can only be reflexive. All the rest can be normal personal pronouns too.
Reflexive: He loves himself = se amat. She gives a horse to herself = sibi equum dat
Not reflexive: I love you = vos amo
You love yourself = te amas
I give a horse to you = tibi equum do
Circle all the reflexive pronouns. Beware: every sentence has a pronoun, but not every pronoun is reflexive!
1.rex se vulneravit
2.rex me vulneravit
3.rex sibi cibum paravit
4.rex nobis cibum paravit
5.ego me vulneravi
6.ego te vulneravi
7.tu te iuvisti
8.tu me iuvisti
9.nos necare voluimus
10.vos necare voluimus
11.vos necare voluistis
12.nos necare voluistis
13.cives se liberaverunt
14.cives me liberaverunt
15.cives a se vulnerati sunt
16.cives a me vulnerati sunt
17.cives urbem sui servaverunt 18.cives urbem mei servaverunt
19.regina se necavit
20.reginae se necaverunt
21.regina te necavit
Note: ‘SE’ is always reflexive
26. Pronouns: give the nominative singular masculine of X
Nominative – singular – masculine = BASIC FORM OF PRONOUN
Eum comes from IS
Illius comes from ILLE
Huic comes from HIC
ipsius comes from IPSE
Eodem comes from IDEM
What is the basic form of each of the following pronouns:
1.eos____________2.horum____________3.illius____________4.ei__________5.ipsi__________6.hi___________
7.earum_________8.eisdem__________9.ea_____10.hunc________11.huius_________12.huic_______13.eis_____
14.eosdem_______15.hae_____16.illos_______17.hos______18.illas_______19.his_______20.ipsi__________
27. Adverbs: find an adverb in the passage
Adverbs:
Bene
Deinde
Diu
Fortiter
Hic
Iam
Ibi
Iterum
Add extra flavour to the verb.
Well
Then. Next
For a long time
Bravely
Here
Now, already
There
Again
1. ‘Non’ – negativises verb
Magnopere
Mox
Non
Numquam
Olim
Saepe
Semper
Sic
Greatly
Soon
Not
Never
Once
Often
Always
Thus
Statim
Subito
Tamen
Tandem
Celeriter
Cras
Forte
Frustra
Lente
2.Time – tells you when it happened
4. Manner – tells you how it happened
Immediately
Suddenly
However
At last
Quickly
Tomorrow
By chance
In vain
Slowly
Heri
Hodie
Nunc
Postea
Quam
Quoque
Tum
Interea
Paene
Yesterday
Today
Now
Afterwards
Than
Also
Then
Meanwhile
Almost
3.Place – tells you where it happened
5. ’-ly’ in English
Circle the adverbs in this passage.
Olim vir fortissimus erat, Hercules nomine. Contra monstra fortiter pugnabat. Hera eum numquam amabat; semper
eum necare volebat. Saepe monstra ad eum mittebat. Serpentem misit contra eum sed Hercules celeriter serpentem
necavit. Hera eum iterum oppugnavit ubi iuvenis erat; eum fecit insanum et uxorem mox necavit. Tum, quod
magnopere irati erant, dei Herculem diu labores difficiles facere iusserunt. Sic multa monstra necavit. Forte unum
monstrum, Hydra nomine, multa capita habebat, et Hercules statim caput oppugnavit; subito tamen dua capita nova
apparuerunt! Hercules iterum caput oppugnavit; iterum dua nova apparuerunt. Deinde amicus Iolaus Herculem iuvit
– ibi festinavit et tandem monstrum paene mortuum erat, sed caput primum immortale erat. Id necare non
potuerunt. Iam Hercules caput primum sub terram iecit. Postea ad regem festinavit.
EXTRA: subject/object practice
Object endings:
1st declension
2nd declension
3rd declension
Singular
Am
Um
Em
Plural
As
Os
[Es]*
*-es can be subject or object.
Basic ones
1.regina regem necavit. Subject of necavit? _________________ Object? _________________
2.milites reginam ceperunt. Subject of ceperunt? _______________ Object? ____________________
3.pueri puellas spectaverunt. Subject of spectaverunt? _____________ Object? ____________________
4.pueri magistros iuverunt. Subject of iuverunt? _______________ Object?______________________
5.pueri dominum viderunt. Subject of viderunt? _______________ Object? ______________________
6.puer milites timebat. Subject of timebat? __________________ Object? ______________________
HARDER: A lot of the time the subject will be from the previous sentence or from the main sentence.
1. First, look at verb ending to work out who’s doing it.
2. Then look for a noun that might be in charge of the verb. This might be in the previous sentence.
1.regina laeta erat, quod regem necaverat. Subject of necaverat? ______________ Object?_________________
2.regina laeta erat, ubi ancillas laudaverat. Subject of laudaverat? _____________ Object?_________________
3.rex miser erat. reginam mortuam viderat. Subject of viderat? ______________ Object?__________________
4.servi ad urbem iverunt. dominum invenerunt. Subject of invenerunt? ______________ Object? _______________
5.servus ad urbem ivit. puellam invenit. Subject of invenit? ______________________ Object? ________________
6.servus, antequam dominum oppugnavit, deos laudavit. Subject of oppugnavit?__________ Object? ____________
Subject of laudavit?_______________Object?____________
7.servus, postquam reginam laudavit, murum aedificavit. Subject of aedificavit?____________Object?____________
Subject of laudavit?_______________Object?____________
If the object is a pronoun, try to find the noun this has replaced.
8.regina oppidum appropinquavit. id amavit. Subject of amavit?_________________ Object?_________________
9.rex urbem appropinquavit. eam spectavit. Subject of spectavit?_________________ Object?________________
EXTRA: English to Latin Sentences
There are two English to Latin Sentences.
They are worth 8-9 marks out of 75 = over 10%.
Marks: 1 mark per word and 1 mark for putting verb at end of sentence.
Always put verb at end of sentence
All the vocabulary is given to you. Use the vocabulary they give you.
NOUNS:
You are shown what declension the noun belongs to.
Miles, militis m. [goes like rex]
Pay attention to the stem [look at the genitive for this].
Nominative Accusative Ablative only. [Ablative only with a preposition.]
PREPOSITIONS: You are told what case the preposition is followed by.
ADJECTIVES:
You are given the basic forms of the adjective. You need to look at the gender of the noun.
Make sure you make the adjective agree in 1. gender 2. number 3. case
VERBS:
You are told what conjugation the verb belongs to. Tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect
You are given the perfect tense if it is weird.
Examples of how to translate:
1.
The slaves attacked the queen. (4)
Slave = servus, -i m.
queen = regina, -ae f.
attack = oppugno (1)
(a) Slaves = subject plural
= serv-i
(b) Queen = object singular
= regin-am
(c) Attacked = perfect, ‘they’ = oppugno goes like amo
= oppugn-av-erunt
2.The angry citizens ran out from the city. (5)
Angry = iratus, irata, iratum
run = curro, 3, cucurri out from = e/ex + abl
citizen = cives, civis m.
(a) Citizens = subject plural = civ- stem
= civ-es
(b) Angry = subject plural masc = civis is masculine = iratus goes like bonus
= irat-i
(c) Out from the city = ex takes ablative
= ex
(d) From the city = ablative singular
= urbe
(e) Ran = perfect, ‘they’ = weird perfect given
= cucurr-erunt
3.The queen loves the happy farmer. (5)
Queen = regina, -ae f.
love = amo (1)
happy = laetus, -a, -um
farmer = agricola, -ae m.
(a) Queen = subject singular = goes like puella
=_________________
(b) Farmer = object singular = goes like puella
= _________________
(c) Happy = object singular masculine = laetus goes like bonus, a, um
= _________________
(d) Loves = present, she = goes like amo
= _________________
=______________________________________________________
4.The angry farmers were running from the fields. (5)
Angry = iratus, a, um
farmer = agricola, -ae m. run= curro, 3
from = e/ex + abl
field = ager, agri m.
(a) Farmers = subject plural = goes like puella
=____________________
(b) Angry = subject plural ______________ = iratus goes like bonus, a, um
=____________________
(c) From = e/ex + ablative
=____________________
(d) From the fields = ablative plural = ager goes like servus = agr- stem
= ____________________
(e) Were running = imperfect, they = curro goes like rego (3)
= ____________________
=__________________________________________________________________________
5.The soldiers will attack the big city. (5)
Soldier = miles, militis m.
attack = oppugno (1)
city = urbs, urbis f.
big = magnus, -a, -um
(a) Soldiers = subject plural = goes like rex = stem milit-
= _____________________
(b) City = object singular = goes like rex = stem urb-
= _____________________
(c) Big = object singular feminine = goes like bonus, a, um
= _____________________
(d) Will attack = future, they = oppugno goes like amo
= _____________________
=__________________________________________________________________________
6.The boys were hurrying away from the temple. (4)
Boy = puer, pueri m.
hurry = festino (1)
away from = a/ab + ablative
temple = templum, -i n.
(a) Boys = subject plural = goes like servus = stem puer-
= _____________________
(b) Away from = a/ab + abl
= _____________________
(c) From the temple = ablative singular = goes like bellum
= _____________________
(d) Were hurrying = imperfect, they = festino goes like amo
= _____________________
=__________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: 1. NOUNS – YOU ARE GIVEN THE NOMINATIVE AND GENITIVE FORMS, E.G. MILES, MILITIS.
CHOP OFF THE –IS ENDING TO GET THE STEM.
2.NOUNS – IF THE STEM IS PREDICTABLE YOU MAY BE GIVEN A SHORTENED FORM, E.G. SERVUS, -I.
THIS MEANS ‘SERVUS, SERVI’ – THE STEM IS EASY SO THEY PRESUME YOU CAN WORK IT OUT.
3.NOUNS – YOU ARE GIVEN THE GENDER, E.G. MILES, MILITIS M. = MASCULINE.
YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS FOR ADJECTIVES
4.ADJECTIVES – MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE GENDER OF THE NOUN THEY ARE AGREEING WITH
5.ADJECTIVES FOLLOW THE NOUN THEY’RE WITH [except multus, omnis, magnus]
6.VERBS – IF THE VERB IS REGULAR YOU MAY JUST BE TOLD WHICH DECLENSION THE VERB IS IN:
ROGO (1) = GOES LIKE AMO (1), AMARE, AMAVI
TIMEO (2) = GOES LIKE MONEO (2), MONERE, MONUI
DUCO (3) = GOES LIKE REGO (3), REGERE, REXI
PUNIO (4) = GOES LIKE AUDIO (4), AUDIRE, AUDIVI
7.VERBS – IF THE VERB HAS ANY WEIRD BITS YOU’LL BE TOLD THEM
E.G. I RUN = CURRO, 3, CUCURRI
7.The teachers punish the bad girls (4)
Teacher = magister, magistri m.
punish = punio (4)
girl = puella, -ae f.
bad = malus, a, um
(a) Teachers = subject plural = goes like servus = stem magistr-
= _____________________
(b) Girls = object plural = goes like puella
=_____________________
(c) Bad = object plural feminine = malus goes like bonus, a, um
= _____________________
(d) Punish = present, they = punio goes like audio
= _____________________
=__________________________________________________________________________
8.The men have done a difficult labour (5)
Man = vir, viri m.
do = facio, facere, feci
labour = labor, laboris m.
difficult = difficilis, -e
(a) Men = subject plural = goes like servus = stem vir-
= _____________________
(b) Labour = accusative singular = goes like rex = stem labor-
= _____________________
(c) Difficult = accusative singular masculine = goes like rex = stem difficil-
= _____________________
(d) Have done = perfect, they = weird perfect ‘feci’
=_____________________
=__________________________________________________________________________
9.The soldiers have killed the king (4)
Soldier = miles, militis m.
kill = occido, 3, occidi
king = rex, regem m.
(a) Soldiers = subject plural = goes like rex = stem milit-
=______________________
(b) King = object singular = goes like rex = stem reg-
=______________________
(c) Have killed = perfect, they = weird perfect ‘occidi’
=______________________
=__________________________________________________________________________
10.The old men are charging towards the mountain (4)
Old man = senex, senis m.
charge = ruo (3), rui
towards = ad + acc
mountain = mons, montis m.
(a) Old men = _______ plural = goes like rex = stem _____-
= ____________________
(b) Towards = ad + acc
= ____________________
(c) [towards] the mountain = object singular = goes like rex = stem ______-
= ____________________
(d) Are charging = present, they = goes like rego
= ____________________
=__________________________________________________________________________
11.The young men helped the sad woman (5)
Young man = iuvenis, iuvenis m.
help = iuvo (1), iuvi
sad = miser, misera, miserum
woman = mulier, -eris f.
(a) Young men = subject ____________ = goes like rex = stem iuven-
= ______________
(b) Woman = _________ singular = goes like rex = stem mulier-
=______________
(c) Sad = object singular ___________ = goes like bonus, a, um = stem miser-
= _____________
(d) Helped = perfect, they = weird perfect ‘iuvi’
= _____________
=__________________________________________________________________________
12.The companions walked with their friends (4)
Companion = comes, comitis m.
walk = ambulo (1)
with = cum + abl
friend = amicus, -I m.
(a) Companions = _____________________ = goes like ______ = stem ______________
= _______________
(b) With = cum + abl
= _______________
(c) With friends = _____________________ = goes like ________
= _______________
(d) Walked = perfect, they = ambulo (1) goes like amo (1)
= _______________
=__________________________________________________________________________
13.The wives were fearing their husbands (4)
Wife = uxor, uxoris f.
fear = timeo (2)
husband = coniunx, coniugis m.
their = suus, sua, suum
(a) Wives = case ________ number ____________ = goes like rex = stem ___________
=_______________
(b) Husbands = case________number_________= goes like rex = stem_____________
=_______________
(c) Their = case_________number_______gender______ = goes like bonus, a, um
= ______________
(d) Were fearing = imperfect, they = timeo goes like moneo
=_______________
=__________________________________________________________________________
14.The husbands were fearing their wives (4)
Husband = coniunx, coniugis m.
fear = timeo (2)
wife = uxor, uxoris f.
their = suus, sua, suum
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
15.The companions were running down from the mountain (4)
Companion = comes, comitis m. run = curro, 3, cucurri down from = de + abl mountain = mons, montis m.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
16.The angry sailors will attack the citizen (5)
Angry = iratus, a, um
sailor = nauta, nautae m.
attack = oppugno (1)
citizen = civis, civis m.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
17.The slavegirls were preparing good food (5)
Slavegirl = ancilla, -ae f.
good = bonus, a, um food = cibus, -i m.
prepare = paro (1)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
18.The teachers read the long books (5)
Teacher = magister, magistri m.
read = lego, 3, legi
book = liber, libri m.
long = longus, a, um
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
19.The messengers destroyed the big walls (5)
Messenger = nuntius, nuntii m.
destroy = deleo, 2, delevi
wall = murus, muri m. big = magnus, a, um
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
20.The masters punished the bad slaves (4)
Master = dominus, domini m.
punish = punio (4)
bad = malus, a, um
slave = servus, servi m.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
21.The slaves killed the bad master (4)
kill = neco (1)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Derivations
A derivation is an English word that is made from a Latin word [or a Greek word, or an Arabic word, or whatever].
“territory” is a derivation of “terra”
they both mean ‘land’
L1 Latin
Meaning
Derivation
Altus, a, um
High, deep
Altitude
Bonus, a, um
Good
Bonus, bonhomie
Clarus Clear, bright, famous
Clarity
Iratus, a, um
Angry
Irate
Magnus, a, um
Big
Magnitude, magnify
Malus, a, um
Bad
Maleficent
Miser, era, erum
Wretched Miserable
Multus, a, um
Many
multitude
Notus, a, um
Well known
Notable
Novus, a, um
New
Novelty, novel
Perterritus, a, um Scared
Terrified
Pulcher, ra, rum Beautiful
Pulchritude
Sacer, ra, rum
Sacred
Sacred
Tutus, a, um
Safe
Tutor, tutelage
Validus, a, um
Strong
Invalid, validate
Adverbs
Bene
Well
Benediction
Fortiter
Bravely
Fortitude
Iterum
Again
Reiterate
Magnopere
Greatly
Magnitude
Semper
Always
Sempeternal
Nouns 1
Feminine
Ancilla
Maidservant
Ancillary
Aqua
Water
Aqueduct, aquifer
Dea
Goddess
Deity, deify
Femina
Woman
Feminine
Filia
Daughter
Filial
Insula
Island
Insulate, insulation
Ira
Anger
Irate, irascible
Patria
Native land
Patriotic
Pecunia
Money
Impecunious
Sagitta
Arrow
Sagittarius
Terra
Land
Subterranean
Via
Way, street
Via, viaduct
*Agricola m.
Farmer
Agriculture
*Nauta m.
Sailor
Nautical
*Poeta m.
Poet
Poetic, poet
Nouns 2
Masculine
Ager
Field
Agriculture
Amicus
Friend
Amicable
Deus
God
Deity, deify
Dominus
Master
Dominate
Equus
Horse
Equine, equestrian
Filius
Son
Filial
Gladius
Sword
Gladiator, gladiolus
Liber
Book
Library
Locus
Place
Location
Magister
Teacher, Master
Magisterial
Murus
Wall
Mural
Nuntius
Messenger
Enunciate
Puer
Boy
Puerile
Servus
Slave
Servile, servitude
Socius
Ally
Social, society, sociable
Ventus
Wind
Air vent, ventricle
Latin
Vir
Nouns 2
Aurum
Auxilium
Bellum
Oppidum
Templum
Verbum
Vinum
Numbers
Unus
Duo
Tres
Quattuor
Quinque
Sex
Septem
Octo
Novem
Decem
Numbers
Primus
Secundus
Tertius
Quartus
Quintus
Sextus
Septimus
Octavus
Nonus
Decimus
Verbs
1 Aedifico
Ambulo
Amo
Canto
Clamo
Do
Habito
Intro
Laboro
Laudo
Navigo
Paro
Porto
Meaning
Man
Neuter
Gold
Help
War
Town
Temple
Word
Wine
Cardinal
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Éight
Nine
Ten
Ordinal
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Pugno
Rogo
Specto
Sto
2 Deleo
Habeo
Maneo
Moneo
I fight
I ask
I watch
I stand
I destroy
I have
I remain
I warn
I build
I walk
I love
I sing
I shout
I give
I live
I enter, go in
I work
I praise
I sail
I prepare
I carry
Derivation
Virile
Au (chemistry)
Auxiliary
Belligerent, bellicose
Oppidan
Temple
Verbal, verb
Viniculture
Unit, unify, unite
Duet, dual, duel
Triple, trio
Quinquereme
Sextuplets
September
October
November
December
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartet, quarter
Quintuplets
Sextuplets
Octave
Nonagenarian (90+)
Decimal, decimate
Edifice
Ambulance, perambulate
Amateur
Incantation
Exclamation
Donation
Inhabit
Introit
laboratory
Laud
Navigation
Preparation
Deport, export, import,
Report, transport
Pugnacious
Interrogate
Spectator, spectacles
Station
Delete
[Have]
Mansion
Monitor, admonish
Moveo
Respondeo
Rideo
Teneo
Terreo
Timeo
Video
3 Bibo
Constituo
Consumo
Curro
Dico
Duco
Lego
Mitto
Ostendo
Pono
Rego
Scribo
4 Audio
Dormio
Venio
3.5 Capio
Cupio
Facio
I move
I answer
I laugh
I hold
I frighten
I fear
I see
I drink
I decide
I eat
I run
I say
Move, motion, motor
Respond, response
Risible
Tenacious
Terrifying, terror
Timid
Visible, video
Bibulous
Constitution
Consumption
Excursion
Dictate, dictator,
predict, edict
I lead
Duke, reduce, induce
Produce
I read, choose
Elect, select
I send
Mission, emit, omit
I show
Ostentatious
I put
Position
I rule
Regal, regicide
I write
Scribble, script
I hear
Audience
I sleep
Dormitory
I come
Advent, convent, prevent
I take
Capture
I desire
Cupid, cupidinous
I make, do
Factory, effective,
Infect, defect, perfect
I am away
Absent
*Absum
Pronouns
Ego/me
I/me
Ego
Question
Words
Ubi?
Where?
Ubiquitous
LEVEL TWO
Adjectives
Ceteri, ae, a
The rest of (pl) Et cetera
Longus, a, um
Long
Longitude
Medius, a, um Middle (of)
Median, medium
Mortuus, a, um
Dead
Mortal, immortal
Pauci, ae, a
Few
Paucity
Solus, a um
Alone
Solo, Solitude
Vivus, a, um
Alive
Vivisection
Facilis, e
Easy
Facile
Fortis, e
Strong, brave Fortitude
Nobilis, e
Noble
Nobility
Omnis,e All, every Omnivore, omnibus, omniscient
Audax, acis
Bold
Audacity
Felix, icis
Lucky
Felicity
Prepositions
Cum
With
Con-: confer, convene
In
In, on, into, onto In-: internal
De
Down from, about De-: descend
Ad
Towards
Advert
Contra
Against
Contravene
Per
Through, along
Perspex
Trans Across
Transport, transfer, translate
Ante
Before
Antedate, a.m.
Circum
Around
Circumnavigate, circle
Inter
Among
International
Post
After
Postdate, p.m.
Super
Above
supernatural
Sub
Nouns 1
Copiae (pl)
Mora
Nouns 2
Arma (pl)
Donum
Nouns 3
Civis
Clamor
Comes c.
Coniunx c.
Dux
Frater
Homo
Hostes (pl)
Iuvenis
Miles, militMons
Parens
Pater
Rex, regis
Senex, senis
Lux, lucis
Mater
Mors, mortis
Navis
Pars
Soror
Urbs
Virtus
Vox
Corpus, corporIter, itinerMare
Nomen, nominVulnus, vulnerVerbs
1 Erro
Exspecto
Libero
Narro
Nuntio
Occupo
Saluto
Vulnero
3 Colligo
Defendo
Occido
Reduco
Trado
Vinco
4 Advenio
Punio
3.5 Accipio
Conspicio
*Exeo
*Possum
*Pereo
*Transeo
Under
Submarine, subterranean
feminine
Forces (pl)
Copious
delay
Moratorium
Neuter
Weapons (pl)
Armour
gift
Donation
Citizen
Shout
Companion
Wife, husband
Leader
Brother
Man, person
Enemy
Young man
Soldier
Mountain
Parent
Father
King
Old man
Light
Mother
Death
Ship
Part
Sister
City
Courage
Voice
Body
Journey
Sea
Name
Wound
Civilian, civil
Clamour
[concomitant]
Conjugal
Duke, induce, reduce
Fraternal
homicide
hostile
Juvenile
military
Montane
Parental
Paternal, patricide
Regal, regent
Senile
Translucent
Maternal
Mortal, immortal
Navy, Naval
Part, partial
Sorority
Urban, suburban, urbane
Virtuous
Vocal
corporal
Itinerary
Marine, maritime
Nominate
vulnerable
I wander
I wait for
I set free
I tell
I announce
I seize
I greet
I wound
I collect
I defend
I kill
I lead back
I hand over
I conquer
I arrive
I punish
I receive
I catch sight of
I go out
I am able
I perish
I go across
Error, erratum
Expectation
Liberate, liberty
Narrate, narrator
Enunciate
Occupation
Salutation
Vulnerable
Collection
Defense
Regi-cide, patri-cide
Reduce, reduction
Trade, tradition
Victory, victim
Advent, adventure
Punitive, punish
Accept
Conspicuous, inspect
Exit
Possible
Perish
Transit
LEVEL THREE
Alius/a/ud
Celer, ris, re
Superbus, a, um
Totus, a, um
Nouns
1 Hora
2m Annus
Somnus
2n Praemium
3m Custos
Labor
Princeps
3f Gens
Nox
Tempestas
3n Animal
Adjectives
Other
Quick
Proud
whole
Alien, alias
Accelerate
superb
Total
Hour
Year
Sleep
Reward
Guard
Work
Chief
Race
Night
Storm
Animal
Hour
Annual
Somniferous
Premium
Custodian, custody
Laborious
principal
Gentile
Nocturnal
Tempestuous
Animal
Opus
Work
5 Dies
Day
Fides
Trust, faith, belief
Verbs
1 Impero +dat I order
2 Persuadeo
I persuade
Credo + dat
I believe
Pello
I drive
Peto
I seek
Relinquo
I leave
4 Convenio
I meet
Custodio
I guard
*Fero
I carry
Latus
*Volo
Carried
I want
Opera, operation
diurnal
Fido, fidelity
Imperious, emperor
Persuasive
Credit, credible
Expel, repel, impel
Repeat, compete
Relinquish, relic
Convene
Custody, custodian
Transfer, refer, defer
confer, prefer
Translate, relate
voluntary
Practice derivation questions
A ‘derivation’ is a word that is taken directly from another language.
A ‘derivation’ will look like the Latin word, e.g. ‘puerile’ is a derivation of puer.
A ‘derivation’ will have a meaning similar to the Latin word.
In the exam you need to do two things:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Translate the Latin word, e.g. ‘puer’ = boy
Use the same word, e.g. ‘boy’ when you explain what the English word means
[you can provide an example of the word in a sentence if you want to play safe]
L1 Example: Translate the Latin word ‘pueri’ and explain why ‘puerile’ is a derivation of it
___ ‘pueri’ means ‘boys’ __ ‘puerile’ means behaving like a boy_
1.Translate the Latin word ‘terra’ and explain why ‘subterranean’ is a derivation of it
‘terra’ means _____________ and ‘subterranean’ _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.Translate the Latin word ‘gladius’ and explain why ‘gladiator’ is a derivation of it
‘gladius’ means ____________ and a ‘gladiator’ _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3.Translate the Latin word ‘murus’ and explain why ‘mural’ is a derivation of it
‘murus’ means ____________ and a ‘mural’ __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4.Translate the Latin word ‘navigat’ and explain why ‘navigation’ is a derivation of it
‘navigat’ means ____________ and ‘navigation’ is ______________________________________
L2 Example Translate the Latin word ‘navem’ and explain why ‘naval’ is a derivation of it
‘navem’ means __ship__ and ‘naval’ _means something to do with ships [or a navy]_____
1.Translate the Latin word ‘mare’ and explain why ‘marine’ is a derivation of it
‘mare’ means _________ and ‘marine’ ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.Translate the Latin word ‘milites’ and explain why ‘military’ is a derivation of it
‘milites’ means _____________ and ‘military’ __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3.Translate the Latin word ‘hostes’ and explain why ‘hostile’ is a derivation of it
‘hostes’ means ________________ and ‘hostile’ _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4.Translate the Latin word ‘conspicit’ and explain why ‘conspicuous’ is a derivation of it
‘conspicit’ means _____________________ and ‘conspicuous’ __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5.Translate the Latin word ‘iuvenes’ and explain why ‘juvenile’ is a derivation of it
‘iuvenes’ means ____________________ and ‘juvenile’ _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6.Translate the Latin word ‘matrem’ and explain why ‘maternal’ is a derivation of it
‘matrem’ means ____________________ and ‘maternal’ ________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
L3 Example Translate the Latin word ‘principem ‘and explain why ‘principal’ is a derivation of it
__ ‘principem’ means chief __ and a ‘principal’ is the chief teacher in a school_______________
1.Translate the Latin word ‘credidit’ and explain why ‘credible’ is a derivation of it
‘credidit’ means ____________________ and something ‘credible’ _________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.Translate the Latin word ‘custodes’ and explain why ‘custodian’ is a derivation of it
‘custodes’ means __________________ and a ‘custodian’ _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3.Translate the Latin word ‘pellit’ and explain why ‘expel’ is a derivation of it
‘pellit’ means _________________ and ‘expel’ _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
ComparativesSuperlatives
Across
3. miserior
4. peior
7. optimus
9. facillimus
10. minor
12. pessimus
14. validissimus
Down
1. pulchrior
2. pulcherrimus
3. miserrimus
5. maximus
6. minimus
7. maior
8. melior
11. plus
13. plurimus
F7_personalpronouns
Across
2. you (s) (obj)
3. to you (s)
4. our (adjective)
6. to me
8. you (s) (nom)
10. I
11. your (s) (adjective)
14. with us
15. to you (pl)
16. with me
19. of you (pl)
21. to us
22. my (adjective)
Down
1. your (pl) (adjective)
4. of us
5. of you (s)
7. from me (a = from)
9. with you (pl)
11. with you (s)
12. from you (pl) (a = from)
13. from us (a = from)
17. of me
18. from you (s) (a = from)
19. you (pl)
20. me
21. we/us
PerfectPassivesL3:
Across
2. monitus
4. risus
5. coactus
8. inventus
9. victus
10. gestus
13. cupitus
14. latus
15. iutus
18. iactus
20. iussus
21. pulsus
22. mansus
23. factus
what verb does it come from?
Down
1. rectus
3. amatus
4. relictus
5. conspectus
6. tentus
7. itus
11. auditus
12. lectus
16. visus
17. ductus
19. captus
22. motus
Translating Latin to English – Level 3
1.Break the passage into sentences.
This
Draw a line through each full stop.
(1) makes the passage seem less daunting
(2) stops you from accidentally joining 2 sentences together.
Aeneas erat clarissimus dux Troianus.| ubi urbs
Troianus, -i m. = Trojan
Troia a Graecis deleta est, Aeneas cum amicis
Troia, -ae f. = Troy
effugit.| diu navigaverunt, locum tutum petentes ut
urbem novam aedificarent.| tandem ad Italiam
Italia, -ae f. = Italy
advenerunt.| multos dies ibi laetissimi habitaverunt.|
sed Turnus, rux Rutulorum, gentis saevae, Troianos
Rutuli, -orum m. pl. = Rutulians
e patria pellere voluit.|
Turnus, -i m. = Turnus
2.Look for mini-sentences inside long sentences.
Underline each mini sentence. Look for CONJUNCTIONS and participles.
Conjunctions - joining words
Level 1: quod = because, ubi = when, et = and, sed = but
Level 2: antequam = before, postquam = after, quamquam = although, -que = and, et…et… = both…and…
Level 3: dum = while, ut = in order to, ne = in order not to, aut = or, nec/neque = and not
Aeneas erat clarissimus dux Troianus.| ubi urbs
Troianus, -i m. = Trojan
Troia a Graecis deleta est, Aeneas cum amicis
Troia, -ae f. = Troy
effugit.| diu navigaverunt, locum tutum petentes ut
urbem novam aedificarent.| tandem ad Italiam
Italia, -ae f. = Italy
advenerunt.| multos dies ibi laetissimi habitaverunt.|
sed Turnus, rux Rutulorum, gentis saevae, Troianos
Rutuli, -orum m. pl. = Rutulians
e patria pellere voluit.|
Turnus, -i m. = Turnus
3.Translating each sentence: first, break the sentence up into mini sentences
1. Find the verb [end of sentence] and look at end of verb: o s t mus tis nt
2. Find the subject noun [start of sentence]
3. Find the object [S O V]
4. Do everything else
1. ubi urbs Troia a Graecis deleta est, Aeneas cum amicis effugit.
Subordinate sentence: ubi urbs Troia a Graecis deleta est,
1. Verb: deleta est = she was destroyed
2. Subject [she] = urbs = city + Troia = Troy
3.[no object]
4. Other: a Graecis = by the Greeks
Main sentence: Aeneas cum amicis effugit.
1. Verb: effugit = he escaped
2. Subject: Aeneas = Aeneas
3.[no object]
4. Other: cum amicis = with friends
2.diu navigaverunt, locum tutum petentes ut urbem novam aedificarent.
Main sentence: diu navigaverunt
They sailed for a long time
Subordinate phrase: locum tutum petentes
looking for a safe place
Subordinate sentence: ut urbem novam aedificarent.
1. Verb: aedificarent = they might build
2. Subject = in verb = they
3.Object: urbem = a city
4. Other: novam = new, goes with urbem
3.sed Turnus, rux Rutulorum, gentis saevae, Troianos e patria pellere voluit.
1. Verb: voluit = he wanted
2. Subject = he = noun: _________________
3. Object 1 [verb] = pellere = to drive
4. Object 2 = Troianos = Trojans
5. Other bits: e patria = from the native land
Beware short phrases surrounded by commas:
, rex Rutulorum, is linked to Turnus [note ‘rex’ is subject]: Turnus, king of the Rutulians
, gentis saevae, is linked to ‘of the Rutulians’ [note gentis is genitive]: (of) a savage tribe
Practice of short phrases surrounded by commas:
1.Julius, rex Romanorum, gentis nobilis, risit ________________________________________________
2.Hercules, vir fortissimus, monstra necavit _________________________________________________
3.Boudicca, regina validissima, Romanos non amavit __________________________________________
4.Zeus, pater rexque deorum, feminas amavit________________________________________________
5.Hera, regina deorum, coniugem non amavit_________________________________________________
More translations –
A.Boudicca, quae multos incolas regebat, statim Romanos armis delere cupiebat
(a)Main sentence: Boudicca … statim Romanos delere cupiebat
1. Verb: _____________ = ________________
2. Subject = he/she = noun: __________________
3. Object 1 [verb] = _____________ = ________
4. Object 2 = ____________ = _________________
5. Other bits: armis = ablative plural = _____________
statim = adverb = __________________
(b)Subordinate sentence: quae multos incolas regebat
1. Verb: _____________ = __________________ 2. Subject = he/she = pronoun: _______________
3. Object = ____________ = ________________
4 Adjective with object = _________ = _________
Watch out for “speech marks” – keep track of the sentences:
B. regina, “cur urbem,” militibus dixit, “cum hostibus oppugnavistis?”
(a)Main sentence: regina … militibus dixit
1. Verb:_______________ = _______________
2.Subject = he/she = noun:____________________
3. [no object]
4. Other: militibus after dixit = said to____________
(b)Speech sentence: cur urbem … cum hostibus oppugnavistis?
1.Verb: _______________ = _______________
2. Subject = in verb = istis = _______________
3.Object: ____________ = __________________ 4. Other: cum hostibus = ___________________
C. puella matri, “milites feminas capient,” dixit, “et viros necabunt.”
(a) Main sentence: puella matri … clamavit
1. Verb: ______________ = ________________
2. Subject = he/she = noun: __________________
3. [no object]
4 Other: matri = she shouted __________________
(b) Speech sentence: milites feminas capient et viros necabunt
1. Verb1: _____________ = ________________
2. Subject = they = ________________________
3. Object1 = _____________ = ______________
4. Other: et = __________
5. Verb 2:______________=__________________ 6. Subject = he/she = noun: ___________________
7. Object 2 = _____________ = ________________
D. iuvenis, ubi comites tandem viderat, eos ad montes duxit
(a)Main sentence: iuvenis … eos ad montes duxit
1. Verb: _____________=__________________
2. Subject = he/she = noun:___________________
3. Object: pronoun _________ = ____________
4. Other: ad montes = _______________________
(b)Subordinate sentence: ubi comites tandem viderat
1. Verb: _____________=___________________ 2. Subject = in verb = it = ____________
3. Object: comites can’t be subject as it’s plural so must be object = ___________________
4. Other: tandem = ___________________
E. senes, postquam uxores ex urbe duxerunt, naves paraverunt
(a) Main sentence: senes … naves paraverunt _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Subordinate sentence: postquam uxores* ex urbe duxerunt ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
*Note: uxores can be subject or object – but there’s no object of ‘led’ if you make them subject
Beware an accusative first thing in the sentence. Wait for the verb.
F. regem, quod plurimos cives necaverat, tandem ceperunt
(a) Main sentence: regem … tandem ceperunt ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Subordinate sentence: quod plurimos cives necaverat _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
G. ancillas, quamquam equum forte vulneraverant, liberavit
(a) Main sentence: ancillas liberavit ________________________________________________________
(b) Subordinate sentence: quamquam equum forte vulneraverunt _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Subordinate clauses will start with a conjunction and end with a verb:
H. Odysseus antequam insulam Ogygiam invenit in mare diu solus manebat
(a) Main sentence: Odysseus in mare diu solus manebat ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Subordinate sentence: antequam insulam Ogygiam invenit ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Underline the subordinate clause then translate:
I. Odysseus ubi Cyclops virum consumpsit eum necare voluit_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
J. ducem qui multas urbes vicerat laudavimus ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Be careful with omnia and regi:
K. Hercules postquam Hydram interfecerat omnia regi nuntiavit___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
L. Medusam, ut interficeretur, Perseus oppugnavit _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
M. regi, qui crudelis erat, ne servos puniret persuasimus________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LEVEL ONE
Adjectives
Nouns 1
Feminine
Altus, a, um
High, deep
Ancilla
Maidservant
Bonus, a, um
Good
Aqua
Water
Clarus Clear, bright, famous
Dea
Goddess
Fessus, a, um
Tired
Femina
Woman
Iratus, a, um
Angry
Filia
Daughter
Laetus, a, um
Happy
Hasta
Spear
Magnus, a, um
Big
Insula
Island
Malus, a, um
Bad
Ira
Anger
Meus, a, um
My
Patria
Native land
Miser, era, erum
Wretched Pecunia
Money
Multus, a, um Many
Puella
Girl
Noster, tra, trum
Our
Regina
Queen
Notus, a, um
Well known
Sagitta
Arrow
Novus, a, um
New
Terra
Land
Parvus, a, um
Small
Turba
Crowd
Perterritus, a, um Scared
Unda
Wave
Pulcher, ra, rum Beautiful
Via
Way, street
Romanus, a, um Roman
*Agricola m. Farmer
Sacer, ra, rum Sacred
*Incola m/f.
Inhabitant
Saevus, a, um Savage
*Nauta m.
Sailor
Suus, a, um
His her their
*Poeta m.
Poet
Tutus, a, um
Safe
Nouns 2
Masculine
Tuus, a, um
Your (s)
Ager
Field
Validus, a, um Strong
Amicus
Friend
Vester, ra, rum
Your (pl)
Cibus
Food
Adverbs
Deus
God
Bene
Well
Dominus
Master
Deinde
Then. Next
Equus
Horse
Diu
For a long time
Filius
Son
Fortiter
Bravely
Gladius
Sword
Hic
Here
Liber
Book
Iam
Now, already Locus
Place
Ibi
There
Magister Teacher, Master
Iterum
Again
Murus
Wall
Magnopere
Greatly
Nuntius
Messenger
Mox
Soon
Puer
Boy
Non
Not
Servus
Slave
Numquam
Never
Socius
Ally
Olim
Once
Ventus
Wind
Saepe
Often
Vir
Man
Semper
Always
Nouns 2
Neuter
Sic
Thus
Aurum
Gold
Statim
Immediately
Auxilium
Help
Subito
Suddenly
Bellum
War
Tamen
However
Caelum
Sky
Tandem
At last
Oppidum
Town
Conjunctions
Periculum
Danger
Et
And
Proelium
Battle
Igitur
Therefore
Scutum
Shield
Itaque
And so
Templum
Temple
Quod
Because
Verbum
Word
Sed
But
Vinum
Wine
Ubi
When
Numbers
Cardinal
Posuit (pono)
He put
Stetit (sto)
He stood
Fuit (sum)
He was
Dedit (do)
He gave
Cucurrit (curro)
He ran
Misit (mitto) He sent
O/M, S, T, MUS, TIS, NT
ERAM
I was
I, ISTI, IT, IMUS, ISTIS, ERUNT AM-A(TE), MON-E(TE), REG-E
-BAM
I was …ing
(-ITE), AUD-I(TE), CAP-E (-ITE)
Unus
One
Rogo
I ask
Duo
Two
Specto
I watch
Tres
Three
Sto
I stand
Quattuor
Four
Supero
I overcome
Quinque
Five
Voco
I call
Sex
Six
2 Deleo
I destroy
Septem
Seven
Habeo
I have
Octo
Éight
Iubeo
I order
Novem
Nine
Maneo
I remain
Decem
Ten
Moneo
I warn
Numbers
Ordinal
Moveo
I move
Primus
First
Respondeo
I answer
Secundus
Second
Rideo
I laugh
Tertius
Third
Teneo
I hold
Quartus
Fourth
Terreo
I frighten
Quintus
Fifth
Timeo
I fear
Sextus
sixth
Video
I see
Septimus
Seventh
3 Bibo
I drink
Octavus
Eighth
Constituo
I decide
Nonus
Ninth
Consumo
I eat
Decimus
Tenth
Curro
I run
Particles
Dico
I say
Etiam
Also, even
Discedo
I depart
Prepositions + abl
Duco
I lead
A/ab
From, by
Lego I read, choose
Cum
With
Ludo
I play
In
In, on
Mitto
I send
E/ex
Out from
Ostendo
I show
De
Down from, about Pono
I put
Prepositions + acc
Rego
I rule
Ad
Towards
Scribo
I write
Contra
Against
4 Audio
I hear
In
Into, onto
Dormio
I sleep
Per
Through, along
Venio
I come
Prope
Near
3.5 Capio
I take
Trans
Across
Cupio
I desire
Verbs
Facio
I make, do
1 Aedifico
I build
Iacio
I throw
Ambulo
I walk
*Absum
I am away
Amo
I love
*Adsum
I am present
Canto
I sing
*Sum
I am
Clamo
I shout
Pronouns
Do
I give
Ego/me
I/me
Festino
I hurry
Tu/te
You (s)
Habito
I live
Nos
We/us
Intro
I enter, go in Vos
You (pl)
Laboro
I work
Question
Words
Laudo
I praise
Cur?
Why?
Navigo
I sail
-ne?
= ‘?’
Neco
I kill
Quid?
What?
Oppugno
I attack
Quis?
Who?
Paro
I prepare
Ubi?
Where?
Porto
I carry
Pugno
I fight
Cepit (capio) He took
Discessit(discedo) He left
Fecit (facio)
He made/did Risit (rideo)
He laughed
Iecit (iacio)
He threw
Iussit(iubeo) He ordered
-RE
To…
NOMINATIVE, VOCATIVE
AMAVI, DELEVI, AUDIVI,
ACCUSATIVE, GENITIVE
MONUI, REXI (REGSI), CEPI
DATIVE, ABLATIVE
LEVEL TWO
Adjectives
Carus,a,um
Dear
Ceteri, ae, a
The rest of (pl)
Graecus, a, um Greek
Longus, a, um Long
Medius, a, um Middle (of)
Mortuus, a, um Dead
Pauci, ae, a
Few
Solus, a um
Alone
Vivus, a, um
Alive
Crudelis, e
Cruel
Difficilis, e
Difficult
Facilis, e
Easy
Fortis, e
Strong, brave
Nobilis, e
Noble
Omnis, e
All
Tristis, e
Sad
Audax, acis
Bold
Felix, icis
Lucky
Ingens, ntis
Huge
Sapiens, ntis Wise
Adverbs
Celeriter
Quickly
Cras
Tomorrow
Forte
By chance
Frustra
In vain
Heri
yesterday
Hodie
Today
Nunc
Now
Postea
Afterwards
Quam
Than
Quoque
Also
Tum
Then
Conjunctions
Antequam
Before
Et…et…
Both…and…
Nam
For
Postquam
After
Quamquam
Although
-que
And
Nouns 1
feminine
Copiae (pl)
Forces (pl)
Mora
delay
Nouns 2
Neuter
Arma (pl)
Weapons (pl)
Donum
gift
Nouns 3
Masculine
Civis
Citizen
Clamor
Shout
Comes c.
Companion
Coniunx c.
Wife, husband
Dux
Leader
Frater
Brother
Homo
Man, person
Melior (bonus)
Better
Minor (parvus)
Smaller
Plus (multus) More
Celerrimus, a, um Fastest
I, ISTI, IT, IMUS, ISTIS, ERUNT
R, RIS, TUR, MUR, MINI, NTUR
Hostes (pl)
Enemy
Pronouns
Ne
(in order) not to
Iuvenis
Young man Hic haec hoc This, he
Ut
(in order) to
Miles
Soldier
Ille illa illud
That, he
Nec,neque
Nor, and not
Mons
Mountain
Is ea id
That, he
Nouns
Parens
Parent
Se
Himself/themselves 1 Hora
Hour
Pater
Father
Question words
2m Annus
Year
Rex
King
Nonne?
Surely (yes) Somnus
Sleep
Senex
Old man
Num?
Surely not (no) 2n Praemium
Reward
Nouns 3
Feminine
Verbs
Telum
Spear, missile
Lux
Light
1 Erro
I wander
3m Custos
Guard
Mater
Mother
Appropinquo I approach
Labor
Work
Mors
Death
Exspecto
I wait for
Princeps
Chief
Mulier
Woman
Libero
I set free
3f Gens
Race
Navis
Ship
Narro
I tell
Nox
Night
Pars
Part
Nuntio
I announce Tempestas
Storm
Soror
Sister
Occupo
I seize
3n Animal
Animal
Urbs
City
Saluto
I greet
Opus
Work
Uxor
Wife
Vulnero
I wound
5 Dies
Day
Virtus
Courage
3 Colligo
I collect
Fides
Trust, faith, belief
Vox
Voice
Defendo
I defend
Res
Thing, matter, affair
Nouns 3
Neuter
Gero
I carry on, do Spes
Hope
Corpus
Body
Occido
I kill
Pronouns
Flumen
River
Reduco
I lead back
Idem,eadem,idem
Same
Iter
Journey
Ruo
I rush
Ipse, a, um
-self
Mare
Sea
Trado
I hand over Qui, quae, quod
Who
Nomen
Name
Vinco
I conquer
Verbs
Vulnus
Wound
4 Advenio
I arrive
1 Impero +dat
I order
Nouns
Irregular
Invenio
I find
Iuvo
I help
Nemo
No one
Punio
I punish
2 Persuadeo
I persuade
Nihil
Nothing
3.5 Accipio
I receive
+ dat
Numbers
Cardinal
Conspicio I catch sight of
3 Cogo
I force
Undecim
11
Effugio
I escape
Contendo
I hurry, march
Duodecim
12
Fugio
I flee
Credo + dat
I believe
Tredecim
13
*Eo, ire
I go
Pello
I drive
Quattuordecim 14
*Exeo
I go out
Peto
I seek
Quindecim
15
*Ineo
I go in
Relinquo
I leave
Sedecim
16
*Noli(te)
Do not…!
4 Convenio
I meet
Septendecim
17
*Perep
I perish
Custodio
I guard
Duodeviginti
18
*Possum
I am able
3.5 Interficio
I kill
Undeviginti
19
*Redeo
I go back
*Adeo
I go towards
Viginti
20
*Transeo
I go across
*Fero
I carry
Particles
LEVEL
THREE
*Nolo
I do not want
Autem
However, but
Adjectives
*Volo
I want
Prepositions
+ acc
Alius/a/ud
Other
Numbers
Cardinal
Ante
Before
Celer, ris, re
Quick
Triginta
30
Circum
Around
Superbus, a, um Proud
Quadraginta
40
Inter
Among
Totus, a, um
whole
Quinquaginta
50
Post
After
Adverbs
Sexaginta
60
Propter
Because of
Interea
Meanwhile Septuaginta
70
Super
Above
Lente
Slowly
Octoginta
80
Prepositions
+ abl
Paene
Almost
Nonaginta
90
Pro On behalf of, in front of Conjunctions
Centum
100
Sine
Without
Aut
Or
Mille
1000
Sub
Under
Dum
While
Milia (neut pl)
1000s
Optimus, a, um Best
Peior (malus) Worse
Pessimus, a, um Worst
Minimus, a, um Smallest
Maior (magnus) Bigger
Maximus, a, um Biggest
Plurimus, a, um Most Pulcherrimus, a, um
Prettiest
Facillimus, a, um
Easiest
AMABAM was
AMAVI -ed
AMA(TE) love! L3 AMATUS SUM/ERAM has/had been -ed
AMABO, -BIS will AMAVERAM had
L3 AMANS, NTIS -ing
-IOR/-IUS -er/more
REGAM, REGES will AMARE to…
-ISSIMUS/-ERRIMUS/-ILLIMUS -est/most/very
Perfect Tense (Active)
Regular perfects +V
St-stammered
1 AMAVI (amo)
I loved
STETI (sto)
I stood
2 DELEVI (deleo) I destroyed
DEDI (do)
I gave
4 AUDIVI (audio) I heard
CUCURRI (curro) I ran
3.5 CUPIVI (cupio) I desired
TRADIDI (trado)
I handed over
Odd perfects
+V
PEPULI (pello)
I drove
1 IUVI (iuvo)
I helped
CREDIDI (credo) I believed
3 PETIVI (peto)
I sought
Stretch first vowel
Regular perfects
+U
CONSTITUI (constituo) I decided
2 MONUI (moneo) I warned
LEGI (lego)
I read, chose
Weird perfect
+U
OSTENDI (ostendo) I showed
3 POSUI (pono)
I put
DEFENDI (defendo) I defended
Regular perfects
+S
OCCIDI (occido)
I killed
3 REXI reg-si (rego)
I ruled
RUI (ruo)
I charged
CONSUMPSI (consumo) I ate
BIBI (bibo)
I drank
DIXI dic-si (dico) I said
CONTENDI (contend) I hurried
DISCESSI (discedo)
I departed
COLLEGI (colligo) I collected
DUXI duc-si (duco)
I led
VENI (venio)
I came
MISI (mitto)
I sent
ADVENI (advenio) I arrived
LUSI (ludo)
I played
INVENI (invenio) I found
SCRIPSI (scribo)
I wrote
CONVENI (convenio)
I met
GESSI (gero)
I carried on, did
CEPI (capio)
I captured
REDUXI (reduco) I led back
ACCEPI (accipio) I received
Odd perfect
+S
FUGI (fugio)
I fled
CONSPEXI (conspicio)
I caught sight of IECI (iacio) I threw
MANSI (maneo) I remained
FECI (facio)
I did, made
IUSSI (iubeo)
I ordered
INTERFECI (interficio) I killed
PERSUASI (persuadeo) I persuaded
EFFUGI (effugio) I escaped
RESPONDI (respondeo) I replied
VIDI (video)
I saw
Add a bit
COEGI (cogo, co-ago)
I forced
Lose a bit
VICI (vinco)
I conquered
RELIQUI (relinquo) I left
TO BE
FUI (sum)
I was
AFUI (absum)
I was away
ADFUI (adsum)
I was present
POTUI (pot-sum) I was able
TO GO
IVI/II (eo)
I went
EXII (exeo)
I went out
INII (ineo)
I went in
PERII (pereo)
I perished
REDII (redeo)
I went back
TRANSII (transeo) I went across
ADII (adeo)
I went towards
TO WANT
NOLUI (nolo)
I didn’t want
VOLUI (volo)
I wanted
WEIRDO
TULI (fero)
I carried
PPPs
Regular
1 AMATUS
2 MONITUS
2 DELETUS
3 RECTUS (regtus)
4 AUDITUS
3.5 CAPTUS
Of note
1 IUTUS
2 IUSSUS
MANSUS
MOTUS
TENTUS
VISUS
PERSUASUS
3 CONSUMPTUS
DISCESSUS
LECTUS
Perfect Passive
AMATUS SUM
Amo
Moneo
Deleo
Rego
Audio
Capio
Loved
Warned
Destroyed
Ruled
Heard
Taken
Iuvo
Iubeo
Maneo
Moveo
Teneo
Video
Persuadeo
Consumo
Discedo
Lego
Helped
Ordered
Remained
Moved
Held
Seen
Persuaded
Eaten
Departed
Read/chosen
I have been, I was loved
MISSUS
Mitto
POSITUS
Pono
COLLECTUS
Colligo
DUCTUS
Duco
GESTUS
Gero
OCCISUS
Occido
SCRIPTUS (scrib-tus)
Scribo
VICTUS
Vinco
COACTUS
Cogo (co-ago)
PULSUS
Pello
RELICTUS
Relinquo
3.5 CAPTUS
Capio
FACTUS
Facio
IACTUS
Iacio
ACCEPTUS
Accipio
CONSPECTUS
Conspicio
INTERFECTUS
Interficio
LATUS
Fero
Pluperfect Passive
AMATUS ERAM
Sent
Put
Collected
Led
Done
Killed
Written
Conquered
Forced
Driven
Left
Taken/captured
Done/made
Thrown
Received
Caught sight of
Killed
Carried
I had been loved
Terms
Nouns
Case
Number
Gender
Declension
Endings 1
Endings 2m
Endings 2n
Endings 3mf
Endings 3n
Endings 5
Stem
NVAGDAb
Nominative = SUBJECT
Vocative = (getting attention) Accusative = OBJECT
Genitive = OF
Dative = TO/FOR
Ablative = BY/WITH/FROM
Singular or Plural
Masculine, Feminine or Neuter (m., f. or n.) and Collective (c.) = Masculine or Feminine
Group of nouns
1 PUELL-A, PUELL-AE
2m. DOMIN-US, DOMIN-I
2n. BELL-UM, BELL-I
3m./f. REX, REG-IS
3n. OPUS, OPER-IS
5m./f. DIES, DI-EI
A
A
AM
AE
AE
A
AE
AE
AS
ARUM
IS
IS
US
E
UM
I
O
O
I
I
OS
ORUM
IS
IS
UM
UM
UM
I
O
O
A
A
A
ORUM
IS
IS
(S)
(S)
EM
IS
I
E
ES
ES
ES
UM
IBUS
IBUS
(S)
(S)
(S)
IS
I
E
A
A
A
UM
IBUS
IBUS
ES
ES
EM
EI
EI
E
ES
ES
ES
ERUM
EBUS
EBUS
Front of the noun that you hang endings from, e.g. rex, REG-is
TIME HOW LONG + ACC
tres dies ambulavit = he marched (for) three days
TIME WHEN + ABL
(in) tertia die advenit = he arrived on the third day
TIME WITHIN WHICH
+ ABL (in) tribus diebus advenit = he arrived (with)in three days
PLACE towards
AD + ACC
Towns, small islands, domus – no preposition: Romam = to Rome, domum = to home
PLACE at
IN + ABL
Towns, small islands, domus – LOCATIVE: Romae = in Rome, domi = at home
PLACE away from A/AB + ABL
Towns, small islands, domus – no preposition: Roma = from Rome, domo = from home
Pronouns
Stand in for a noun. Hic = this, ille = that, is = he
Personal pronoun
Talking about a person
Ego, me, mihi, tu, te, tibi, nos, nobis, vos, vobis, ille, hic, is, eum, eos
Reflexive pronoun
Used for when you do something to yourself
Me, mihi, te, tibi, se, sibi
Relative pronoun
WHO
Qui, quae, quod, quem, quam, cuius, sui, quo, quos, quibus
Demonstrative pronoun This/that
Hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id; ille, illa, illud
Adjectives
Describe a noun, e.g. good, bad, ugly
Group 1 / 2 BONUS, BONA, BONUM
Group 3
FORTIS, FORTIS, FORTE
POSITIVE
Basic form of adjective – CLARUS, CLARA, CLARUM = bright
COMPARATIVE ‘more’, ‘-er’ – CLAR-IOR, CLAR-IOR, CLAR-IUS = brighter
SUPERLATIVE
‘most’, ‘-est’, ‘very’ – CLAR-ISSIMUS, CLAR-ISSIMA, CLAR-ISSIMUM = brightest
PULCHERRIMUS, CELERRIMUS, FACILLIMUS, DIFICILLIMUS
Nominative singular masculine positive
BASIC FORM, e.g. BONUS
Verbs
Conjugation
Group of verbs, each with a different main vowel
1 AMO a
2 MONEO e
3 REGO i/e
4 AUDIO i
3.5 CAPIO i/e
Stem
‘What’ part of verb, start of verb that you hang endings from: AM- from amo
Number
Singular or Plural
Person
Who is doing the verb
1st pers sing
2nd pers sing
3rd pers sing
1st pers plur
2nd pers plur
I
You (s)
He/she/it
We
You (pl)
(active) -O/-M
-S
-T
-MUS
-TIS
(perfect act) -I
-ISTI
-IT
-IMUS
-ISTIS
(passive) -R
-RIS
-TUR
-MUR
-MINI
SUM
3rd pers plur
They
-NT
-ERUNT
-NTUR
Tense
Present
I love, am loving
AM-O
Imperfect
I was loving
AM-A-BA-M
Perfect
Pluperfect
I loved, have loved I had loved
AM-A-VI
AM-AV-ERAM
Future
I will love
AM-A-BO
Passive
Present
I am being loved
AM-OR
Imperfect
I was being loved
AM-A-BA-R
Perfect
I was loved
AM-A-TUS SUM
Future
I will be loved
AM-A-BOR
Pluperfect
I had been loved
AM-A-TUS ERAM
Infinitive
-RE = to…
AMARE = to love REGERE = to rule AUDIRE = to hear ESSE = to be
Imperative
Giving an order
AMA/AMATE
REGE/REGITE
AUDI/AUDITE
ES/ESTE
Present Participle
-NS/-NT- = -ing amans, amantis Loving
puellae ridentes Laughing girls
PPP
Past Participle Passive
NECATUS, NECATA, NECATUM = (having-been-) killed
Mood
Voice
Indicative (normal)
Active (The dog BITES the man)
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
Imperfect Subjunctive Passive
Infinitive ending + M,S,T,MUS,TIS,NT
(UT) AMARET = (…) he might love
Infin + R,RIS,TUR,MUR,MINI,NTUR (UT) AMARETUR = (…) he might be loved
1st person singular present indicative active
SUBJECT of verb Who’s doing the verb
OBJECT of verb Who’s the verb doing
DATIVE verbs
Subjunctive (after UT/NE) ‘might’
Passive (The man IS BITTEN by the dog)
BASIC form of verb, e.g. AMO
puella reginam amat – puella is subject – girl loves queen
puella reginam amat – reginam is object – queen loves girl
IMPERO, 1
I give an order to CREDO, 3 I give trust to, I trust
PERSUADEO, 2 I give persuasion to, I persuade
Conjunctions Joining words, e.g. et = and, sed = but
Some introduce SUBORDINATE CLAUSES, e.g. QUOD = because, QUAMQUAM = although,
ANTEQUAM = before, POSTQUAM = after, DUM = while, UT = in order to, NE = in order not to
Adverbs
Describe a verb, e.g. non = not, celeriter = quickly
Numbers
Cardinal
Ordinal
Normal numbers on playing CARDs – DUO = two, TRES = three, etc.
The ORDER in a list – PRIMUS = first, SECUNDUS = second, etc.
Key points checklist for exam:
1. IMPERFECT = was-BAT
e.g. Bruce Wayne WAS a BAT
2.
PLUPERFECT = had-ERAT
e.g Linguini HAD e-RAT
3. The main story is in the PAST.
Tenses:
Imperfect –BAT
Pluperfect –ERAT
Perfect everything else
Person:
3rd only –
ama-bat
amav-erat
amav-it
ama-batur
amatus erat
amatus est
singular –t = he/she/it
plural –nt = they
4. “Look out for speech marks”
Tenses: Any. Present
Future
Commands!
[Also past tenses]
Person: Any 1st/2nd likely to turn up
5. VERB ENDINGS:
-o/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
6. VERB ENDINGS PERFECT:
-i, -isti, -it, -imus -istis, -erunt / amatus sum, es, est…
7. FUTURE = will-BO/will-BIT
ama-bo, ama-bit
8. FUTURE = will-AM/will-ES
reg-am, reg-es
9. COMMAND = look out for ‘!’
ama! ama-te!
/ -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur
10. SENTENCE = SOV = subject object verb
11. SENTENCE = OVs = object verb [subject in verb]
Will-BO Baggins
12. LEARN THE NOUN OBJECT ENDINGS:
Singular
Plural
Gp1 [puella]
AM
AS
Gp2 [servus]
UM
OS
Gp3 [rex]
EM
ES
13. ADJECTIVES ALWAYS FOLLOW NOUN [except multus, omnis, pauci]
14. ALWAYS TRANSLATE THE VERB FIRST