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CHAPTER 22 The Respiratory System: Part B Learning Objectives At the end of the discussion students should be able to: Recognize and contrast the anatomy of conducting and respiratory zone of respiratory system(ILO 1.1) Recognize and explain the anatomy of lungs and pleura(ILO 1.2) Learning Objectives Recognize and contrast the histology of various parts of respiratory system. (2.1) Outline the development of respiratory system(1.1) Label the respiratory organs in the given activity sheets. (2.2) Lecture Outline Trachea Bronchi and subdivisions Conducting zone Respiratory zone Lungs Pleurae Developmental aspects of respiratory system Trachea (Windpipe) • From the larynx into the mediastinum • Made up of C shaped tracheal cartilages Wall composed of three layers histologically 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Adventitia Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Trachealis muscle • Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings Posterior Mucosa Submucosa Esophagus Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Seromucous gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Anterior (a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.6a Mucosa • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium • Lamina propria (connective tissue) Submucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage (b) Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320x) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.6b Trachea • Carina • Last tracheal cartilage • Point where trachea branches into two bronchi Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bronchi and Subdivisions • Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching • Branching pattern called the bronchial (respiratory) tree Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Conducting Zone Structures • Trachea right and left main (primary) bronchi • Each main bronchus enters the hilum of one lung • Right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Each main bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi (three right, two left) • Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Trachea Middle lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of left lung Superior lobe of right lung Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.7 Respiratory Zone • Respiratory bronchioles • Alveolar ducts • Alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli) the main site for gas exchange Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveoli Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar sac (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8a Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar pores Alveoli (b) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveolar sac Figure 22.8b Lungs • Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum • Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachments • Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior Esophagus Root of lung at hilum • Left main bronchus • Left pulmonary artery • Left pulmonary vein Heart (in mediastinum) Sternum Anterior (c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10c Lungs • Apex: superior tip • Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm • Hilum: on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves • Cardiac notch of left lung: concavity that accommodates the heart Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungs • Left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes by an oblique fissure • Right lung has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Bronchopulmonary segments (10 right, 8–9 left) • Lobules are the smallest subdivisions; served by bronchioles and their branches Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Right lung Right superior lobe (3 segments) Left lung Left superior lobe (4 segments) Right middle lobe (2 segments) Right inferior lobe (5 segments) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Left inferior lobe (5 segments) Figure 22.11 Trachea Thymus Lung Intercostal muscle Rib Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Apex of lung Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Heart (in mediastinum) Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Diaphragm Base of lung Left superior lobe Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Cardiac notch (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10a Pleurae • Thin, double-layered serosa • Parietal pleura on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm • Visceral pleura on external lung surface • Pleural fluid fills the slit like pleural cavity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects • Tracheal bud starts developing from the pharynx at the start of 4th week of development • By 8th week of development right and left lungs can be defined in lobes. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Future mouth Frontonasal elevation Olfactory placode Eye Foregut Stomodeum (future mouth) Laryngotracheal bud (a) 4 weeks: anterior superficial view of the embryo’s head Pharynx Trachea Olfactory placode Esophagus Liver Bronchial buds (b) 5 weeks: left lateral view of the developing lower respiratory passageway mucosae Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.28 KEY POINTS • Trachea Windpipe: from the larynx into the mediastinum Trachealis muscle, Carina • Bronchi and subdivisions 23 orders of branching, Branching pattern called the bronchial (respiratory) tree Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. KEY POINTS • Conducting zone structures Trachea, Main bronchus, branches of main bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles • Respiratory zone Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli), the main site for gas exchange • Lungs Root, Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces , Apex, Base, Hilum, Cardiac notch Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. KEY POINTS • Right lung, Left lung, Bronchopulmonary segments, lobules • Pleurae Thin, double-layered serosa Parietal pleura on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm Visceral pleura on external lung surface Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. KEY POINTS • Developmental aspects of respiratory system Tracheal bud starts developing from the pharynx at the start of 4th week of development By 8th week of development right and left lungs can be defined in lobes. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ANY QUESTIONS?????? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.