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Respiratory System Functions Anatomy Be able to trace air from outside the body to the place where O2 - CO2 is exchanged, then to the outside of the body. Nares / Mouth Pharynx Larynx vocal cords - glottis Trachea bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Nose / Nasal cavity External Nares Nasal Cavity Paranasal sinuses Frontal Sphenoidal Maxillary Ethmoidal Pharynx (throat) : 3 segments Nasopoharynx (superior to soft palate) Oropharynx (posterior to mouth) Laryngopharynx (between esophagus and trachea) Larynx Functions Anatomy Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Note changes from trachea to bronchioles Cartilage decreases Rings Plates No cartilage Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar Non-ciliated cuboidal squamous Smooth muscle increases Parasympathetic nerve stimulation constrict Sympathetic nerve stimulation relax Mucous secretion decreases Alveoli Respiratory membrane Lungs Pleural membranes Parietal Visceral Pleural cavity, fluid Pleurisy 5 phases of Respiration 1) Pulmonary ventilation Inspiration Expiration 2) External respiration 3) Gas transport 4) Internal respiration 5) Cellular respiration Pulmonary Ventilation : Breathing Inspiration - inhalation Expiration - exhalation Two pressures : Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure Why is intrapleural pressure always negative? The Physics of Ventilation Flow of air = Pressure Resistance Boyle’ Law The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to volume If you double the volume of a container, you halve the pressure inside Gases flow from high pressure to low pressure Lung volume , intrapulmonary pressure air sucked in Factors contributing to Resistance to airflow 1. Air passage diameter 2. Lung compliance Respiratory Volumes Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume Vital Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Total Lung Capacity Respiratory Minute Volume VE = Tidal Volume Breathing Rate Anatomic Dead Space Alveolar Dead Space Physiologic Dead Space Gas exchange at Cell Membrane Process : Diffusion High Low Some Rules Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Henry’s Law Oxygen Transport Hb + O2 HbO2 Gases diffuse until partial pressures are equal Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve Factors affecting binding of Oxygen to Hemoglobin 1. Acidity 2. Diphosphoglycerate 3. T0 T0 affinity 4. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Dioxide Transport 7% in blood 12% binds to HB (Carbamino-hemoglobin) 70% converted Bicarbonate (CO2 enters RBC) Carbamino Hb Cells CO2 enters Blood dissolved CO2 in plasma CO2 + H2O HCO3 + H+ At lung Carbamino Hb Alveolus CO2 leaves blood dissolved CO2 in plasma CO2 + H2O HCO3 + H+ Regulation of Respiration Dorsal Respiratory group Ventral Respiratory group Pneumotaxic center Central Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata Peripheral Chemoreceptors Aortic Arch and Carotid Arteries Lung Stretch Receptors Proprioceptors in joints and muscles
