Download Study Guide: Appendicular Skeleton

Study Guide: Appendicular
Skeleton
1
WHAT BONES MAKE UP THE
SHOULDER GIRDLE?
What bones make up the shoulder
girdle?
• The clavicle, scapula, and the manubrium of
the sternum
a)
WHERE DOES THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
ARTICULATE WITH THE AXIAL
SKELETON?
Where does the shoulder girdle
articulate with the axial skeleton?
• At the sternoclavicular joint
– Where the sternum connects with the clavicle
2
EXPLAIN HOW YOU CAN TELL THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VERTEBRAL,
AXILLARY, AND SUPERIOR BORDERS OF
THE SCAPULA?
Explain how you can tell the difference
between the vertebral, axillary, and
superior borders of the scapula?
• Vertebral border:
– Located along the side of the scapula that runs
alongside the spine
• Axillary border:
– Located along the side of the scapula that is
nearest to the armpit
• Superior border:
– The top border of the scapula
3
TRUE OR FALSE: THE AC JOINT IS MADE
UP OF THE ACROMION PROCESS AND
THE CLAVICLE
True or false: the ac joint is made up of
the acromion process and the clavicle
• True
– AcromioClavicular joint
4
IS THE SCAPULAR SPINE LOCATED ON
THE ANTERIOR OR POSTERIOR SIDE OF
THE SCAPULA?
Is the scapular spine located on the
anterior or posterior side of the
scapula?
• Posterior side
5
WHERE DOES THE HUMERUS
ARTICULATE WITH THE SCAPULA?
Where does the humerus articulate
with the scapula?
• The glenoid fossa
6
WHY IS THE AREA OF THE HUMERUS
JUST BELOW THE TUBERCLES REFERRED
TO AS THE SURGICAL NECK?
Why is the area of the humerus just
below the tubercles referred to as the
surgical neck?
• This area is the most common location for
fractures in the humerus.
7
DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD LOCATE
THE INTERTUBERCULAR GROOVE ON
THE HUMERUS.
Describe how you could locate the
intertubercular groove on the
humerus.
• First find the greater and lesser tubercles on
the proximal portion of the epiphysis.
– The groove is the divot between these two
tubercles.
8
WHERE IS THE DELTOID TUBEROSITY
LOCATED ON THE HUMERUS?
Where is the deltoid tuberosity located
on the humerus?
• Along the outside portion of the diaphysis of
the humerus.
– Basically a small notch
9
HOW COULD YOU TELL IF YOU ARE
LOOKING AT THE THE LEFT HUMERUS
OR THE RIGHT HUMERUS?
How could you tell if you are looking at
the the left humerus or the right
humerus?
• Identify the head of the humerus, the
olecranon fossa (posterior side), and the
medial epicondyle (largest of the two
epicondyle)
10
EXPLAIN HOW THE HUMERUS IS
INVOLVED WITH KEEPING YOU FROM
HYPEREXTENDING YOUR ELBOW.
Explain how the humerus is involved
with keeping you from hyperextending
your elbow.
• The olecranon fossa acts as a “catch” for the
olecranon process of the ulna. It stops the
arm from over extending.
11
IF SOMEONE HAD A GUN TO YOUR
HEAD, HOW COULD YOU QUICKLY
IDENTIFY THE TROCHLEA OF THE
HUMERUS?
If someone had a gun to your head,
how could you quickly identify the
trochlea of the humerus?
• It is a deep groove that looks similar to a
pulley on the distal epiphysis of the humerus.
12
EXPLAIN HOW THE OLECRANON FOSSA,
SEMILUNAR NOTCH, CAPITULUM,
TROCHLEA, AND OLECRANON PROCESS
ARE INVOLVED WITH THE ELBOW.
Explain how the olecranon fossa,
semilunar notch, capitulum, trochlea,
and olecranon process are involved
with the elbow #essaywarning
– Describe the location of each area
– Explain how each articulates with the other
13
THE GUY WITH THE GUN IS
BACK…..HOW CAN YOU FIND THE ULNA
BEFORE ITS TOO LATE?
The guy with the gun is back…..how
can you find the ulna before its too
late?
• The ulna is always located on the pinky side of
the arm.
14
LIST THE DISTAL ROW OF CARPAL
BONES, STARTING FROM THE THUMB
AND MOVING TOWARD THE PINKY.
List the distal row of carpal bones,
starting from the thumb and moving
toward the pinky.
•
•
•
•
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
» ***Be sure to review the bones around each bone as it
could be a description on a question
15
LIST THE PROXIMAL ROW OF THE
CARPAL BONES, STARTING FROM THE
THUMB AND MOVING TOWARD THE
PINKY.
List the proximal row of the carpal
bones, starting from the thumb and
moving toward the pinky.
•
•
•
•
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
16
WHAT IS MISLEADING ABOUT THE
BONES OF THE HAND IF YOU JUST LOOK
STRICTLY AT THE SKELETON?
What is misleading about the bones of
the hand if you just look strictly at the
skeleton?
• Looking at the skeleton it appears as though
the carpal bones make up the palm of the
hand. This is not the case as the metacarpals
make up the majority of the palm of the hand.
17
HOW MANY MIDDLE PHALANGES
ARE ON THE HAND?
How many middle phalanges are on
the hand?
• 4
a)
WHY?
Why?
• The thumb is only made up of a proximal and
distal phalanx.
18
WHAT BONES MAKE UP THE PELVIC
GIRDLE?
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
• The coxal bones, sacrum, and the coccyx
a)
WHAT BONES ARE FUSED
TOGETHER AS A PART OF THIS?
What bones are fused together as a
part of this?
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
19
WHAT PORTIONS OF THE COXAL
BONES CAN BE EASILY PALPATED?
What portions of the coxal bones can
be easily palpated?
• Iliac crest
20
EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE TRUE AND FALSE PELVIS.
Explain the relationship between the
true and false pelvis #essaywarning
• Be able to describe the invisible border where
the false pelvis ends and the true begins.
• Why are the two shaped differently in males
and females.
• Explain what organs are located in each area.
21
WHAT IS IMPORTANT ABOUT THE
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS FOR FEMALES?
What is important about the pubic
symphysis for females?
• Since it is made of cartilage, it allows for the
pelvis to expand, allowing the birth canal to
widen enough for a baby to fit through.
22
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MARKINGS OF
THE PROXIMAL PORTION OF THE
FEMUR?
What are the major markings of the
proximal portion of the femur?
•
•
•
•
Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
23
DESCRIBE THE DIAPHYSIS OF THE
FEMUR.
Describe the diaphysis of the femur.
• On the posterior side, the linea aspera begins
proximally and eventually divides into the
supracondylar lines
24
HOW CAN YOU TELL THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE CONDYLES AND
EPICONDYLES ON THE FEMUR?
How can you tell the difference
between the condyles and epicondyles
on the femur?
• The epicondyles will be located superficially
on the bone. They will be bony protuberances
on the distal portion of the femur. Conversely,
the condyles are covered with cartilage and
articulate with the lower leg bones.
25
WHAT IS THE LARGEST SESAMOID
BONE IN THE HUMAN BODY?
What is the largest sesamoid bone in
the human body?
• Patella
26
WHAT ARE THE SPINES ON THE TIBIA
WHERE THE ACL AND PCL ATTACH
CALLED?
What are the spines on the tibia where
the acl and pcl attach called?
• Intercondylar emminance
27
WHAT SPECIAL MARKINGS CAN
YOU FEEL ON YOUR SHIN?
What special markings can you feel on
your shin?
• Crest of the tibia
28
WHAT SPECIAL MARKING MAKES
UP YOUR INNER ANKLE?
What special marking makes up your
inner ankle?
• Medial malleolus
29
YOU JUST CAN’T GET RID OF THIS WILD
GUNMAN….HOW CAN YOU QUICKLY
TELL THE TIBIA AND FIBULA APART?
You just can’t get rid of this wild
gunman….how can you quickly tell the
tibia and fibula apart?
• The fibula is smaller than the tibia, lateral to
the tibia, and located deeper in the lower leg.
30
WHY IS THE FOOT CONSTRUCTED
OF TWO ARCHES?
Why is the foot constructed of two
arches?
• Arches are the most stable and sturdy
architectural shape to support large amounts
of weight.
a)
WHAT ARE THE TWO ARCHES
CALLED?
What are the two arches called?
• Longitudinal arch
– Made up of medial and lateral longitudinal arches
• Transverse arch
31
WHAT HAPPENS TO INDIVIDUALS
SUFFERING FROM “FLAT FEET”?
What happens to individuals suffering
from “flat Feet”?
• The ligaments holding the tarsal bones
together weaken and the natural arches fall
• Pain in the foot and heel
• Pain radiating to the knee and eventually to
the spine
a)
WHAT ABOUT “HIGH ARCHES”, OR
“CLAW FOOT”?
What about “high arches”, or “claw
foot”?
• Charcot Marie Tooth disorder (CMT)
• The arches are “over – arched” causing
instability in the ankle
• Common for individuals suffering from
muscular dystrophy
32
WHAT IS ACTUALLY HAPPENING TO
MOST PEOPLE THAT BELIEVE THEY
HAVE FLAT FEET?
What is actually happening to most
people that believe they have flat
feet?
• They are overweight, and are over pronating
their feet as they walk. This movement causes
undue stress on the ligaments supporting the
arches and causing pain.
33
WHAT ANKLE BONE ARTICULATES
WITH THE TIBIA?
What ankle bone articulates with the
tibia?
• Talus
34
WHAT BONE MAKES UP THE HEEL
OF THE FOOT?
What bone makes up the heel of the
foot?
• Calcaneus
35
LIST THE PROXIMAL TARSAL BONES
FROM THE GREAT TOE TO THE PINKY
TOE.
List the proximal tarsal bones from the
great toe to the pinky toe.
• Navicular
• Talus
• Calcaneus
36
LIST THE DISTAL TARSAL BONES FROM
THE GREAT TOE TO THE PINKY TOE.
List the distal tarsal bones from the
great toe to the pinky toe.
• 1-3 cuneiform bones
• Cuboid
37
DISCUSS POTENTIAL TREATMENTS
FOR A BROKEN CLAVICLE.
Discuss potential treatments for a
broken clavicle #essaywarning
• Describe the injury
• Describe potential ways to set the fracture
• Describe the recovery period
38
HOW CAN SOMEONE WHO IS
PSYCHOLOGICALLY HINDERED BY THEIR
HEIGHT PERMANENTLY MAKE
THEMSELVES TALLER?
How can someone who is
psychologically hindered by their
height permanently make themselves
taller #essaywarning
•
•
•
•
Describe the limb lengthening process
What bones are broken
How are they lengthened
Is it an easy process? Why?