Download Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak XXIII Liceum Ogólnokształcące im

Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
XXIII Liceum Ogólnokształcące
im. Nauczycieli Tajnego Nauczania
w Lublinie
WATER ADAPTATION TEACHER’S GUIDE
1. PARAMECIUM
RANGE: Freshwater around the world
HABITAT: Paramecia are widespread in freshwater environments, and are especially common in scums.
DIET: Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts.
ADAPTATIONS: Cilia is the locomotive part in the paramecium. In order for the paramecium to move
forward, its cilia beat at an angle, backwards in unison. This means that the paramecium moves by
spiraling through the water on an invisible axis. The paramecium can also move backwards when the
cilia beat forward at an angle in unison. Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a
synchronous motion (like a caterpillar). There is also a deep oral groove containing inconspicuous
compound oral cilia (as found in other peniculids) used to draw food inside. Osmoregulation is carried
out by a pair of contractile vacuoles, which actively expel water from the cell absorbed by osmosis from
their surroundings.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
2. SEA TURTLES (SUPERFAMILY CHELONIOIDEA)
RANGE: Sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions. Some species travel
between oceans. The Flatback turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia.
HABITAT: open ocean
DIET: feed on zooplankton and smaller nekton
GESTATION: The mature nesting female hauls herself onto the beach and finds suitable sand on which
to create a nest. Using her hind flippers, she digs a circular hole 40 to 50 centimetres (16 to 20 in) deep.
After the hole is dug, the female then starts filling the nest with a clutch of soft-shelled eggs one by one
until she has deposited around 50 to 200 eggs, depending on the species. Incubation takes about two
months.
ADAPTATIONS: Sea turtles are almost always submerged but breathe air. With a single explosive
exhalation and rapid inhalation, sea turtles can quickly refill their lungs when they surface. Their lungs
have adapted to permit rapid exchange of oxygen and to avoid trapping gasses during deep dives. Sea
turtles possess a salt excretory gland at the corner of the eye, in the nostrils, or in the tongue, depending
upon the species; chelonian salt glands are found in the corner of the eyes in leatherback turtles. Due to
the iso-osmotic makeup of jellyfish and the other gelatinous prey upon which sea turtles subsist, sea
turtle diets are high in salt; chelonian salt gland excretions are almost entirely composed of sodium
chloride1500-1800 mosmoll-1
3. ATLANTIC MIDSHIPMAN (PORICHTHYS PLECTRODON)
RANGE: Occurs in the Atlantic from Virginia to Brazil
HABITAT: Generally found on sand or mud bottoms mostly in depths of ten to two hundred fifty
meters
DIET: Analysis of stomach contents of specimens of showed their diet to consist of primarily
amphipods, mysids, and striped anchovies
ADAPTATIONS: The are interesting because the sides of their bodies are lined with rows of light-
producing organs. These fish have toxin on their spines which cause painful wounds. Another
interesting thing about Atlantic Midshipmen is that they attach their eggs to hard surfaces.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
4. FOUREYE BUTTERFLYFISH (CHAETODON CAPISTRATUS)
RANGE: This species is found in the Western Atlantic from Massachusetts, USA and Bermuda to the
West Indies and northern South America.
HABITAT: coral reef
DIET:
ADAPTATIONS: Four-eyed butterflyfish are deep-bodied and laterally compressed, with a single dorsal
fin and a small mouth with tiny, bristle like teeth. The body is light grey, sometimes with a yellowish
hue, and dark forward-pointing chevrons. The ventral fins are yellow. The species gets its common
name from a large dark spot on the rear portion of each side of the body. This spot is surrounded by a
brilliant white ring, resembling an eye. A black vertical bar on the head runs through the true eye,
making it hard to see. This pattern may result in a predator confusing the back end of the fish for the
front end. The Four-eyed Butterflyfish's first instinct when threatened is to flee, putting the false eye
spot closer to the predator than the head. Most predators aim for the eyes, and this false eye spot tricks
the predator into believing that the fish will flee tail first. When escape is not possible, a Four-eyed
Butterflyfish will sometimes turn to face its aggressor, head lowered and spines fully erect, like a bull
about to charge. This may serve to intimidate the other animal or may remind the predator that the
butterflyfish is much too spiny to make a comfortable meal.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
5. SILVERTIP SHARK (CARHINUS ALBIMARGINATUS)
RANGE: Is widely but non-continuously distributed in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the
western Indian Ocean, this species occurs from the Red Sea to South Africa.
HABITAT: Silvertip sharks are found over continental and insular shelves at a depth of 30–800 m,
occupying all levels of the water column. They are most common around isolated islands, coral banks,
and reef drop-offs.
DIET: The diet of the silvertip shark consists primarily of bony fishes such as grouper, mackerel, tuna,
escolars, lanternfish, flyingfish, wrasses, and soles. Eagle rays, smaller sharks, and octopus are
occasionally taken. Larger sharks tend to be more sluggish and take more benthic prey.
ADAPTATIONS: The silvertip shark is a robust and streamlined species with a moderately long, broad
snout and large round eyes. The five pairs of gill slits are short. There are 12–14 tooth rows on each side
of both jaws, with 1–2 small teeth at the symphysis (middle of the jaws). The upper teeth are broad with
oblique triangular cusps and coarse serrations near the base; the lower teeth have erect cusps with fine
serrations. The first dorsal fin is large and triangular, originating above or slightly forward of the free
pectoral fin tips. There is a ridge between the first and second dorsal fins. The pectoral fins are
proportionately longer than in most requiem sharks and falcate (sickle-like) in shape, with pointed tips.
6. DOLPHIN BOTTLENOSE (Tursiops truncatus)
RANGE: Is widely but non-continuously distributed in the tropical oceans
HABITAT: They spawn in the open sea over very large areas - over continental and insular shelves
DIET: Fish and squid are the main food
GESTATION: The gestation period varies per species, this period is around 11 to 12 months, while for the Orca
the gestation period is around 17 months. They usually become sexually active at a young age, even before
reaching sexual maturity. The age of sexual maturity varies by species and gender.
ADAPTATIONS: Dolphins have a streamlined fusiform body, adapted for fast swimming. The tail fin, called the
fluke, is used for propulsion, while the pectoral fins together with the entire tail section provide directional
control. The dorsal fin, in those species that have one, provides stability while swimming. The head contains the
melon, a round organ used for echolocation. Dolphins breathe through a blowhole on top of their head. Unlike
most mammals, dolphins do not have hair
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
7. HUMPBACK WHALE (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE)
RANGE: Found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales typically migrate up to 25,000
kilometres each year. Humpbacks feed only in summer, in polar waters, and migrate to tropical or subtropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter.
HABITAT: They spawn in the open sea over very large areas
DIET: Humpbacks feed only in summer. During the winter, humpbacks fast and live off their fat
reserves. The species' diet consists mostly of krill and small fish.
GESTATION: Migrate to tropical or sub-tropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter.
ADAPTATIONS: One of the larger rorqual species, adults range in length from 12–16 metres and weigh
approximately 36,000 kilograms. Found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales
typically migrate up to 25,000 kilometers each year. The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with
unusually long pectoral fins and a knobbly head. It is an acrobatic animal, often breaching and slapping
the water. Males produce a complex whale song, which lasts for 10 to 20 minutes and is repeated for
hours at a time. The purpose of the song is not yet clear, although it appears to have a role in mating.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
8. GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS)
RANGE: Is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean
HABITAT: During the winter months it can be seen hauled out on the rocks, islands, and shoals not far
from shore, like great gray bananas in the sun, and occasionally coming ashore to rest. In the spring the
recently weaned pups and yearlings occasionally strand on beaches after becoming "lost."
DIET: The Grey Seal feeds on a wide variety of fish, mostly benthic or demersal species, taken at depths
down to 70m (230ft) or more. Sand eels are important in its diet in many localities. Cod and other
gadids, flatfish, herring and skates are also important locally.
GESTATION: The pups are born in autumn (September to November) in the eastern Atlantic and in
winter (January to February) in the west
ADAPTATIONS: Seals need to be streamlined in order to move through the water with the minimum
amount of resistance or "drag". External structures are absent e.g. ear flaps are internal, limbs are reduced
and the male genitalia and female mammary glands are withdrawn into the body. All seals are covered in a
layer of blubber, a thick layer of fat found between the muscle and the skin. Its thickness varies with age,
body size and energy balance. It is built up when food is abundant and used as an energy source when
required, e.g. during lactation and migration. It may be up to 6 cm thick over the chest of adult grey seals.
Blubber gives the body of seals a smooth outline, and thus also helps to reduce drag. As an insulating layer, it
is superior to hair in the water, as it does not readily collapse under pressure. It thus retains its insulating
properties at depth, allowing seals to live in waters only slightly above freezing. In young pups, hair is still the
primary insulator until a layer of blubber is produced.
Seals' eyes are large and adapted to life in the water, with a surface (cornea) that is specially strengthened.The
shape and composition of the cornea, coupled with a nearly spherical lens, allows accurate focusing underwater.
The light receptive lining of the eye, the retina, is specially adapted to function in the dim light found in the
depths of the ocean. On land, seals' sight is not so efficient. Vision in bright light with the pupil constricted is
good, but in dim light with the pupil dilated, images Usually grey seals dive for no longer than 10 minutes.
Recovery time from a dive of this length is quick and the seal can soon dive again. If a seal dives for longer (up to
half and hour), more time has to be spent recovering on the surface before diving again. Oxygen needed to
complete these dives is not stored as free air in the lungs. If it was, seals would be too buoyant to dive efficiently
and would also be prone to the "bends". are blurred.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
9. TUNA FISH (THUNUS THYNNUS)
RANGE: Tunas migrate long distances over all the world’s oceans and occupy tropical, temperate, and
even some cooler waters. The only two species of relatively limited distribution are the blackfin tuna
(western Atlantic) and the longtail tuna (Indo-Pacific region).
HABITAT: They spawn in the open sea over very large areas
DIET: Tunas feed on fishes, squid, shellfish, and a variety of planktonic organisms
ADAPTATIONS: Tuna are fast swimmers—they have been clocked at 70 kilometers per hour and
include several warm-blooded species. Unlike most fish, which have white flesh, tuna flesh is pink to
dark red, which could explain their odd nick-name, "rose of the sea." The red coloring comes from tuna
muscle tissue's greater quantities of myoglobin, an oxygen-binding molecule. Some of the larger
species, such as the bluefin tuna, can raise their blood temperature above water temperature through
muscular activity. This ability enables them to live in cooler waters and to survive in a wide range of
ocean environments. A remarkable aspect of Thunnus physiology is its ability to maintain body
temperature above than that of the ambient seawater. For example, bluefin can maintain a core body
temperature of 75-95°F (24-35°C), in water as cold as 43 °F (6 °C). However, unlike typical
endothermic creatures such as mammals and birds, tuna do not maintain temperature within a relatively
narrow range. Tuna achieve endothermy by conserving the heat generated through normal metabolism.
The rete mirabile ("wonderful net") the intertwining of veins and arteries in the body's periphery,
transfers heat from arterial blood to venous blood via a counter-current exchange system. This reduces
surface cooling, maintaining a warmer core. Higher body temperatures allow more efficient muscle use,
supporting higher swimming speed with reduced energy expenditure.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
10. Sponges (phylum Porifera)
RANGE: Sponges are worldwide in their distribution, from the polar regions to the tropics.
HABITAT: Most live in quiet, clear waters, because sediment stirred up by waves or currents would
block their pores, making it difficult for them to feed and breathe. The greatest numbers of sponges are
usually found on firm surfaces such as rocks, but some sponges can attach themselves to soft sediment
by means of a root-like base.
DIET: Freshwater sponges often host green algae as endosymbionts within archaeocytes and other cells,
and benefit from nutrients produced by the algae. Many marine species host other photosynthesizing
organisms, most commonly cyanobacteria but in some cases dinoflagellates.
GESTATION:Sponges have three asexual methods of reproduction: after fragmentation; by budding;
and by producing gemmules. Most sponges are hermaphrodites (function as both sexes simultaneously),
although sponges have no gonads (reproductive organs).
ADAPTATIONS: The mesohyl functions as an endoskeleton in most sponges, and is the only skeleton in
soft sponges that encrust hard surfaces such as rocks. More commonly the mesohyl is stiffened by
mineral spicules, by spongin fibers or both. Spicules may be made of silica or calcium carbonate, and
vary in shape from simple rods to three-dimensional "stars" with up to six rays. Spicules are produced
by sclerocyte cells,[3] and may be separate, connected by joints, or fused.[ Sponges do not have distinct
circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems – instead the water flow system supports all
these functions. They filter food particles out of the water flowing through them.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
11. KILLER WHALE (ORCINUS ORCA)
RANGE: It is found in all the world's oceans, from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to warm,
tropical seas.
HABITAT: They spawn in the open sea over very large areas
DIET: Some killer whale populations feed mostly on fish while others hunt sharks, marine mammals,
including sea lions, seals, walruses and even large whales and Great white sharks.
GESTATION: Females become mature at around 15 years of age. Then they have periods of polyestrous
cycling with non-cycling periods of between three and sixteen months. The gestation period varies from
fifteen to 18 months.
ADAPTATIONS: Killer whales have a heavy and stocky body and a large dorsal fin with a dark grey
"saddle patch" at the fin's rear. Females are smaller, generally ranging from 5-7 m and weighing about 3
to 4 tons. The largest male killer whale on record was 9.8 m and weighing over 10 tonnes while the
largest female was 8.5 m (28 ft) and weighing 7.5 tonnes). The killer whale's large size and strength
make it among the fastest marine mammals, often reaching speeds in excess of (65km/h). Unlike most
dolphins, the pectoral fin of a killer whale is large and rounded—more of a paddle than other dolphin
species. Males have significantly larger pectoral fins than females. Like other dolphins, killer whales are
highly vocal. They produce a variety of clicks and whistles used for communication and echolocation.
Opracowanie: dr Anna Rysiak
12. ANGLER FISH (LOPHIUS PISCATORIUS)
RANGE: found in the in north-western Europe, eastern North America, Africa and the Far East.
HABITAT: Some anglerfish are pelagic (live in the open water), others are benthic (bottom-dwelling).
Some live in the deep sea and others on the continental shelf
DIET: feed on fishes, squid, shellfish, and a variety of planktonic organisms
GESTATION: Anglerfish employ an unusual mating method. Because individuals are presumably
locally rare and encounters doubly so, finding a mate is problematic. When scientists first started
capturing ceratioid anglerfish, they noticed that all of the specimens were females. These individuals
were a few inches in size and almost all of them had what appeared to be parasites attached to them. It
turned out that these "parasites" were the remains of male ceratioids.
ADAPTATIONS: The fish are named for their characteristic method of predation. Anglerfish typically
have three long filaments sprouting from the middle of the head; these are the detached and modified
three first spines of the anterior dorsal fin. The spine is movable in all directions, and the esca can be
wiggled so as to resemble a prey animal, and thus to act as bait to lure other predators close enough for
the anglerfish to devour them whole. Some deep sea anglerfish of the aphotic zone emit light from their
esca to attract prey. This bioluminescence is a result of symbiosis with bacteria. The bacteria enter the
esca from the seawater through small vents. In the confines of the esca they can multiply until their
density is such that their collective glow is very bright. In most species a wide mouth extends all around
the anterior circumference of the head, and both jaws are armed with bands of long pointed teeth, which
are inclined inwards, and can be depressed so as to offer no impediment to an object gliding towards the
stomach, but to prevent its escape from the mouth. The anglerfish is able to distend both its jaw and its
stomach (its bones are thin and flexible) to enormous size, allowing it to swallow prey up to twice as
large as its entire body. Some benthic (bottom-dwelling) forms have arm-like pectoral fins which the
fish use to walk along the ocean floor. The pectoral and ventral fins are so articulated as to perform the
functions of feet, enabling the fish to move, or rather to walk, on the bottom of the sea, where it
generally hides itself in the sand or amongst seaweed. All around its head and also along the body the
skin bears fringed appendages resembling short fronds of seaweed, a structure which, combined with the
extraordinary faculty of assimilating the colour of the body to its surroundings, camouflage the fish in
areas abundant with prey.