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Europe—Modern History Chapter 10 The Modern Era—Section 1 Industrial Revolution • Began in Great Britain in the 1700s. • Refers to a time when people used machinery and technology to increase productivity. • Why Great Britain? ▫ Ready supply of natural resources ▫ Plenty of raw materials—wool/cotton ▫ Large population—human resources Fewer people were needed to farm because of technological advances so more people would move into cities to find jobs. Major Industries • Textiles—woven cloth—was the major industry in Great Britain. • Prior to the industrial revolution cloth making was a cottage industry ▫ Made by families in their homes • Steam engines were used to produce things more efficiently. ▫ Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine ▫ James Watt improved the steam engine in 1769. Changing Lifestyles • People left the rural areas for the cities to find work. • Lives changed drastically • The entire family worked. ▫ They worked long hours ▫ For little pay ▫ In dangerous conditions • Cities were ▫ Crowded ▫ Dirty ▫ Had slums/ghettos • Eventually Unions were formed to improve workers conditions in the factories, improve pay, and restrict child labor. • Unions were not liked by business owners and Union leaders often beat or killed. • Union members would go on strike to get what they wanted. • The Industrial Revolution (IR) was difficult in the short term, however in the long term it has made our lives easier. • How did the IR help in the long term? ▫ Clothing was cheaper and better ▫ Could afford more clothes and wash them more ▫ This helped to reduce sickness and disease • The IR helped to great strong economies which lead to European dominance of the world in the 1800s & the early 1900s World War One • Also known as: ▫ The Great War ▫ The war to end all wars ▫ WWI The Great War • Started in 1914 ▫ Result of the alliance system and the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungry by a Serbian terrorist. • Two sides: Allied & Central • Allied: ▫ France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy& eventually the United States • Central: ▫ Austria-Hungry, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria The Great War • The industrial revolution made this war deadly • This war was the first to have: ▫ Airplanes ▫ Tanks ▫ Machine guns • • • • Countries used trench warfare—What is this? The war lasted 4 years Over 15 million killed Numerous European cities destroyed. The Great War • The Central Powers lose. • Germany is given most of the blame and is required to pay the winners. • Most of Europe is in ruins. • Russia dropped out of the war and had the Bolshevik Revolution—Communism starts in 1917. • Communism is based off of Karl Marx and Frederich Engels. ▫ German philosophers who hated capitalism and thought it evil ▫ Communism everyone works together for the betterment of the group Nice idea—doesn’t work in practice because humans are sinful. World War Two—WWII • The Great Depression is the back drop for WWII. • The entire world was suffering economically and many governments struggled to provide for their citizens. • In Germany this economic struggle allowed Hitler to rise to power. Adolf Hitler • Hitler fought in WWI and in some of the most violent battles. • He was a lower ranking military personal. ▫ He was a Gefreiter (Private first class) • After the war he was upset that Germany got all the blame for the war. • He started to get involved with politics. • Hitler was a gifted orator. • During a speech in a beer hall he was run out and pursued for high treason. ▫ Hitler was put in jail for 5 years. ▫ During which he wrote Mein Kampf. • When Hitler was released he was able to rise to power in the political scene in Germany. Adolf Hitler—con’t. • Hitler transforms the Nazi party and becomes its leader. • He gets people to believe that Germany had been wrong by the Treaty of Versailles and gradually starts to blame others for Germany’s problems. • Hitler is elected Chancellor in 1933. • Hitler gradually makes himself a dictator. WWII • Hitler starts to rebuild Germany and their army. ▫ Rebuilding the army is a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles. • The rest of the world ignores this violation and others of Hitler and start a practice of appeasement. • Hitler invades Poland in 1939 and thus begins WWI. • We are going to look at another power point that shows on a map the European side of WWII> Holocaust • Tell me what you know. • 12 million died • 6 million Jews died • This was a horrible event that actually did happen. WWII • In 1943 Italy surrenders and turns over to the Allies. • In 1945 Germany surrenders ▫ Hitler killed himself • Japan continues to fight but also surrenders later in 1945 ▫ After atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.