Download 9.A.memoryintro

Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarfs
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
•Whether you like Disney movies
•how long ago you watched the movie
•how loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember
As you might have guessed, the next topic
we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarfs
exercise?
-Metaphors for Memory
Cognitive psychologists see human memory
more as an interpretive system, such as an
artist, rather than a system that takes an
accurate recording, such as a video recorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
-Human Memory is Good at:
Information on which attention is focused
Information in which we are interested
Information that arouses us emotionally
Information that fits with our previous
experiences
Information that we rehearse
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Memory process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Encoding
• The processing of information into the
memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Learning a name at a party
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven
dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy
Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful
Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop
Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach
Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy
Stubby Poopy
Seven Dwarfs
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory
exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
• With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the
blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the
target from possible targets (multiple-choice
tests).
• Which is easier?
Flashbulb Memory
• A clear moment
of an emotionally
significant
moment or event.
• acetylcholine
Where were you when?
1. You heard about 9/11
2. You heard about the
death of a family member
3. During the OJ chase
The Three Stages of Memory
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Long-term
Memory
The First Stage: Sensory Memory
The actual capacity of sensory memory can be
twelve or more items
All but three or four items disappear before they
can enter consciousness
There is a separate sensory register for each sense
Psychologists believe that, in this stage, memory
images take the form of nerve impulses
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Short-Term Memory
aka: working memory
• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus or minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal
You must repeat things over
and over to put them into
your long-term memory.
Working Memory
(Modern day STM)
•
•
Another way of describing the use of
short-term memory is called working
memory.
Working-Memory has three parts:
1. Acoustic
2. Iconic
3. Integration of audio and visual (controls
where you attention lies)
Encoding and Storage
in Working Memory
Levels-of-processing theory –
Explanation for the fact that information that
is more thoroughly connected to meaningful
terms in LTM will be better remembered
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Long-Term Memory
• The relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system.