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Unit II 600 B.C.E to 600 C.E What has changed from Unit I? • • • • • Unit II – the Classical period More sophistication of civilization Technology Established trade networks Transregional communication and exchange • Major religions & philosophies The “Big” Civilizations • Persia • Greece • Roman Republic & Empire • Maurya & Gupta • Qin & Han Religions that “survived” • • • • • • • Judaism Followers of Abraham Egyptian Exodus – 1300-1200 B.C.E (Passover) Kingdom of Canaan (Israel) Ten Commandments and the Torah (teaching) David (1000-961) Solomon (961-922) • • • • • • First Temple of Solomon Assyrians – 772 B.C.E Nebuchadnezzar – 587 B.C.E Persians and the Second Temple Jewish Diaspora Romans • • • • • • Zoroastrianism Zoroaster (1700 – 500 B.C.E) Scripture – Avesta Monotheistic Ahura Mazda v. Ahriman Influences on Judaic & Christian doctrines? • New religions • How do they start? • How do they survive? • How are they influenced by empire building? Persian Empire • • • • Modern day Iran (Persia) Achaemenid Dynasty (550 – 331 B.C.E) Cyrus the Great Expansion – Lydians, Neo-Babylonians, and Egyptians • Height – Darius the Great (North Africa to India) • • • • Imperial Administration Susa and Persepolis Provinces – satraps/satrapies Transregional communication – Great Royal Road • Biggest land empire ever (so far) • • • • Caste system: King – (Shahan-Shah) Warriors Priests – Magi/Mages (influence of Christianity) • Peasants • Darius the Great – Zoroastrianism (tolerance) • • • • Fall of Achaemenids Greek/Persian wars (500-400 B.C.E) Fell in 331 B.C.E – Alexander Post Hellenistic Period – Parthians (247 B.C.E. – 224 C.E) • Sassanids (224 – 651 C.E) • Rivals of Rome • Destroyed by…… Meanwhile…….in India • • • • • • • After the Aryan invasions: Caste system established Aryans conquer Dravidians India unites Mauryan Empire (321 – approx. 180 B.C.E) Why did the Empire rise? Outside influence/invasion • • • • • • • A “new” river…. Indus to the Ganges River Maurya Empire – Pataliputra (capital) Chandragupta Maurya Ashoka Maurya Siddhartha Gautama & the bodhi tree Kalinga • • • • • • • Remember these questions: How do they start? How do they survive? How are they influenced by empire building? Endorsement by a leader Buddhist influence on Maurya Empire Rock & Pillar Edicts (Pillars of Ashoka) • Maurya, Buddhism and Trade (Religious diffusion) • 232 B.C.E – RIP Ashoka • Power vacuum? • Hinduism -> Buddhism -> Hinduism • What happened? • Caste system • White Huns The Gupta • • • • • • Mauryan fell – 184 B.C.E. Fragmented states 320 C.E. – Chandra Gupta Diplomacy (less centralized) Religious tolerance Increased trade with Malaysia, Indonesia, Arabian Sea • • • • • • Math – Arabic numerals Zero 3.14 (piece of the ….) Patriarchal – women's’ rights decrease Sati more common Strengthened Caste system • Why did the Gupta fall? • You’ll have to wait….. Meanwhile….in the Med… • What happened to the Phoenicians? • Carthage • Oligarchy of merchants • Competitor of Rome Hellenes • • • • • • 1150-800 B.C.E After fall of Minoa Small groups on peninsula of Greece Similar language and gods (Olympus) Polis Classical period (500’s – 300’s B.C.E.) • City-states kings or oligarchs? • Big dogs: • Sparta & Athens Sparta Athens • Oligarchy • Military regiment (land) • Helots • Women’s status • Concept of citizenry • Military (sea) • Democracy • Women’s status Hellenic Society/Culture • • • • Philosophy Scientific thought/reasoning Greek dramas – tragedy & comedy - Antigone, Oedipus the King, The Trojan Women • Homer • Art, sculpture, & Architecture Persian Wars • • • • • • • Athenian colonies in Asia Minor (Pergamon) Greece – decentralized – task: Unite the polis Persian Wars – 492-479 B.C.E. Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae & Salamis Athens – Delian League, Sparta – goes home Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.E.) “Whale fighting a bull” • • • • • • • Greeks out, Macedonians in! Philip II and his son The Great – 356 – 323 B.C.E Defeats the Achaemenid Persians R.I.P – Alexander Largest empire Hellenistic Age When in Rome….Republic & Empire • Founding of Rome (Romulus and Remus) – Myth? • Up to 500 B.C.E – king & rebellion • Rise of the Republic • Patricians v. Plebeians • Oligarchy – Senate and consuls • Equality between the two classes? • • • • • The Punic Wars (264 – 146 B.C.E.) Roman Republic expanded like an Empire Why did the Republic fail? Roman landowners and the “price” of slavery Revolts! Plebs, Patricians and slaves (Spartacus) • Civil Wars (91 – 30 B.C.E) • Hail Caesar! • • • • • • Roman Law Twelve Tables Last Roman King – Tarquinius Patricians v Plebs (again) Decemvirate – “Ten Men” Rules & Procedures Republic -> Empire • • • • • • Being Julius Gaius Caesar Hero of Gaul Veni Vidi Vici Crossing the Rubicon Ides of March Get the point? • Adopted son – Octavian of the Julian dynasty • 1st Roman Emperor • Begins the … • Pax Romana Pax Romana • “Peace of Rome” • 207 years • 3 million square miles • Population 60-80 million • Minority – Roman citizens Emperors of the Pax Romana Julian Dynasty • Ocatavian Gaius Augustus (27 B.C.E. – 14 C.E) • Tiberius (14 – 37) • Administration • Paranoid • Capri • Caligula (37 – 41) • Claudius (41 – 54) • • • • Invades Britain Competent ruler Agrippina & Nero RIP b/c of mushrooms • • • • • • • • Nero (54 – 68) Good -> bad Persecution of Christians Fire of 64 C.E. Fiddled! Boudica of Iceni Suicide ? Resurrection (Imposters!) Year of the “Four” Emperors • • • • • • • The Army takes over The Army Emperors (68-69) Galba, Otho, Vitellus Galba (Stabbed) Otho (Fell on Sword) Vitellus (Stabbed) That’s only three! Flavian Dynasty • • • • • Vespasian (69 – 79) (The 4th) Finance & Military reform Flavian Amphitheater Died of natural causes 1st emperor to have his own real son inherit the throne! • (No one got stabbed….a lot) • • • • • • Titus (79 – 81) Finished the Flavian Amphitheater Mt. Vesuvius (Pompeii and Herculaneum) Masada Dies of natural causes….or did he? His “last mistake” • Domitian (81 – 96) • Disbands Senate • TREASON! • EXECUTIONS! STABBED! A LOT! The Five Good Emperors • Senate appoints: • Nerva (96 – 98) • Balance between People and Army • Adoption of Trajan • Abdicates • Dies of stroke • • • • Trajan (98 – 117) 1st emperor from a province (Spain) He was the (RO)MAN! Presided over height and power of the Empire • Largest expansion • Died of natural causes • • • • • Hadrian (117 – 138) Empire is too big Consolidation of power and reduction of land Hadrian’s Wall Lots of public works and projects (Hadrian’s Dome) • Dies of heart failure • • • • • • • Antoninus Pius (138 – 161) Public Works Child welfare and education “family values” Weakened army Adopted a son – Marcus Transfers control and dies • • • • • • • Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180) Held back barbaric invasions Wrote Meditations Names his son as co-ruler Big issue: Commodus is cray He dies in modern day Vienna of old age Ends the Pax Romana Other Emperors of Note • • • • • • Diocletian Split Rome into two – West and East Constantine Concentrated on the East Constantinople Conversion to Christianity Why Did They Fall? • Compare & Contrast Them: The Fall of Han China, the Mauryan/Gupta Empire, & Rome • 2 major causes of decline threaten any empire: • Internal • Such as economic depression, natural catastrophes, and social unrest • External • for example, invading armies. • • • • • • China will return as China India will return as India Rome will return as ??? Western Rome • Tax revolts by upper class and church exempt from taxes • 25 of 26 emperors died violently in one 50 year span • Division of empire weakened the western half • Decrease in trade upon which economy depended • Unable to defend against migratory invasions of Barbaric/Germanic tribes Mauryan/Gupta 550 C.E. • Not enough taxes for military defense • Land divisions increased power of provincial officials • Unable to defend against invasions by outsiders • The “White Huns” Han China 220 C.E. • Officials exempt from taxes; difficult to collect from peasant population • Population increase lead to less land per family • Corruption of court officials • Unable to control large estate owners • Plague • Constant invasions from outside forces • “The Huns” What about Women’s Status? • Compare and Contrast the status of women Politically, Religiously or Sociably in 2 of the 3 classical empire: • Rome/Greece • India • China • All – patriarchal society • India = caste system • China = strict Confucian social order/virtuous behavior Land/property • Rome – a little • India – none and not allowed to inherit property • China – property = sons only Education • All – women could be educated • Greece/Rome – upper class – high literacy • India – could read but forbidden to read religious texts • China – upper class – high literacy Citizens? • Greece/Rome – nope (except for Sparta) • India – nope • China – nope Marriage/Business • All could run/own business • Greece/Rome – could own business and inherit as widows. Could remarry, political divorce • India – Arranged marriages with large dowry/widows could not remarry • China – arranged marriages/widows could remarry Religion • Greece/Rome – women could participate/later could be nuns in Catholic Church • India - Women could not achieve moksha • China – Buddhist and Daoist – balance male and female • Ying yang