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Phoenix - GUHSD’13 CA COMMON CORE GEOG (S003) - Week 3 CH 5: Analyzing Population Lesson 1: Population Distribution Vocabulary: Population density- The size of a population relative to a given area or land size. Megalopolis- A region comprised of two or more metropolitan areas. Demographic transition- A popular model that explains what happens to the population of countries over time. Replacement level- The state in which every two people have two children. Demographers- Scientists who study human populations, including their density and growth. Socioeconomic status- A measure of a person's rank in society based on factors such as education and occupation. Population Distribution: Section 1 Objectives: Identify sources of data used by geographers. Understand methods geographers use to measure and represent population density. Measuring Population: Population: o The total number of people inhabiting a country, city or district area. Sources of Data: Data Collection: o Survey: Sample Census o Fieldwork: Observation Survey: Opinion poll, questionnaire, or sampling: o Statistical data often used for marketing or research. Sample: o Focuses on only a sample of the population. o Data is generalized for population. o Done by Census Bureau. Example: 1/5 of households receive a longer questionnaire called the American Community Survey. The Census: Done every 10 years in years ending in zero. First census was done in 1790. Information about a population: o Age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, languages spoken, education, profession, income level, number of children, current residence, and citizenship. o United Nations recommends that a census be taken every 10 years. o Collected via written questionnaire. o Multiple uses including population count, research and marketing. Other Sources of Data: Observation- fieldwork: o Human geography- economics: Number of fast food restaurants that have opened within the given area. o Physical geography: Climatic changes and the effects on a particular region. Organizations: o Governments and government organizations: NASA, FBI, CIA. National Weather Service, Geographic Society, recordkeeping agencies. Understanding Population: Population density o The size of a population relative to a given area. (land size) o Populations in country are not evenly distributed. Physical features, economic opportunity, and other factors influence where people live. Mapping Population: Geographers use maps to display population information. o Dot density maps: Dots across the map show where objects or people are located. Example: 1 dot = 100,000 people. o Choropleth maps: Maps on which territories are color-shaded based on data. Shades of color used to indicate density. Megalopolis: Huge urban area o BosWash megalopolis Cities from Boston to Washington, DC. 20% of US populations live in these cities. Section Review: Census: o Taken to determine size of population. o Provides info about population. Ages, races, languages spoken, etc. Dot density and Choropleth maps. o Show population distribution and density. Megalopolis o A region that makes up a huge urban area. o BosWash Population Distribution: Section 2 Objectives: Identify and describe the four stages of demographic transition. Demographic Transition: Demographic Transition Model: o A geographic model that describes population change over time. Theory developed by American geographer Warren Thompson. Developed countries are at stage three or four. Stage of Demographic Transition: Balance: o Agricultural societies Few resources or technologies limit the population’s growth. Birthrates and death rates high but roughly balanced. o Population remains stable and begins to grow. Growth: o Developing industrial societies. Societies discover technology and resources that encourage growth. Birthrates remain high, especially in rural areas where children are needed for labor. Improved living conditions and medical knowledge lower death rates. o Population grows rapidly. Leveling: o Birthrates fall due to societal changes: Societies discover technology and medicine that change behaviors. Urbanization, contraception, and improvement in the status and education of women lead to diminished need for child workers. Improved living conditions and medical knowledge lower death rates. o Population begins to level off and growth stops. Replacement: o Modernization, societal changes continue to limit birthrates. Societies continue to discover new technology and resources that create a balanced population. Improved living conditions and medical knowledge continue contributing to lower death rates. o Replacement level: every two people have two children. In many stage 4 countries, citizens are choosing to have one child or no children. o Population stays level or begins to drop. Different parts of the world in different population stages. o Consider number of births and deaths. o Migration is not an immediate factor. Migration to a country in stage 3 or 4 is greater. Migration from a country in stage 1 or 2 is greater. Section Review: Demographers and population geographers believe populations transition in four stages: o Standards of living, socioeconomic status, health care, education, and the position of women improve. Total fertility rate within a country decreases. Birthrates and death rates also usually decrease. Population Distribution: Section 3 Objectives: Interpret and compare demographic data and draw conclusions. Total Fertility Rate: Take a look at population data and draw some conclusions on it. We will be looking mostly at Niger and Italy on total fertility rates. Total fertility rate- average number of children that would be born per women if all women lived to the end of their child bearing years. The magic number for this one is about 2. o Countries below 2 are stable and have low birth rats and low death rates, it is stable and live longer and have better lives. o Countries above 2 have shorter lives and are unbalanced and have lives that are harder to live in. Population Growth Rate: Population growth rate- the average annual percent change of the population. o This means more children are being born than people that takes into account birth and death, it also takes into account migration. So we see that Niger, again, has a very high population growth rate. Every year, Niger’s population is growing 3.68% year after year after year. So we can see their population is going to double every decade or so, so very, very quickly. While on the other hand, we have Italy, and we could see, in fact, their population is actually shrinking. It is getting smaller and smaller each and every year, and, in fact, it’s also getting older. There aren’t as many children being born as older people, so the average age is also growing older. Niger: Population Pyramid Population pyramids are convenient to have to look at population data over time. This particular pyramid shape is indicative of a population that is growing, and growing very quickly. Very common to see this in a developing world. This is common in the demographic transition levels one and two. Average age of Niger is about 14 years old. o More children than older people. o Life expectancy is also low Also shows men and female population rates, not just one or the other. Italy: Population Pyramid This one is more stable. The big bulge there was the baby boom era after the Civil War, for about 15 years. After that the population began to stabilize and straighten out again. Older people are here more than the younger people. People are lasting a lot longer. Very long life expectancy. Country Comparison: Italy o 8.18 births/1,000 pop. o 10.61 deaths/1000 pop. o Life expectancy at birth: 80.2 years o Median age: 43.3 years o Total population: 58,126,212 68% urban o 5.51/1,000 infant mortality o 2.06 net migration rate o Literacy rate: 98.4% o Total population: 58,126,212 Niger o 51.6 births/1,000 pop. o 20.26 deaths/1000 pop. o Life expectancy at birth: 52.6 years o Median age: 15.2 years o Total population: 15,306,252 16% urban o 116.66/1,000 infant mortality o -0.57 net migration rate o Literacy rate: 28.7% o Total population: 15,306,252 For Consideration: How could an aging population impact Italy’s economy? o Increased cost in caring for elderly: Medications, health care. o More retirees, fewer workers, less spending. How might a youthful population impact Niger’s economic development? o Fewer jobs as young get older. o Cost of feeding, caretaking, educating youth. o Limited food supply. Section Review: Italy: o Aging population o Low number of births o Long life expectancy Niger: o Young population o High number of births o Short life expectancy CH 5: Analyzing Population Lesson 2: Recognizing Population Patterns and Historical Trends Vocabulary: Arable- Capable of being farmed. Resettlement- The act of moving or relocating to a different area. Age of Exploration- A period between the 15th and 17th centuries when Europeans started to travel around the world. Densely- Tightly compacted. Recognizing Population Patterns and Historical Trends: Section 1 Objectives: Explore historical trends of population distribution. Where do humans settle? Human inhabitance: o Arable land Farmable land Population Distribution: Egypt 99% of Egypt’s population lives in the Nile River Valley and Delta. Water source, agriculture, transportation, and trade. Egypt: o Total population- 83 million people. o 99% of population lives on 3% of the land. River Valley Civilizations: Egypt Mesopotamia Indus River Valley Developed in river valleys: o Floodwaters deposited silt, which enriched the soil. o Constructed irrigation systems. o Year-round farming: Food surplus leads to increased time for societal development. First Cities: Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers o Sumer, Ur and Uruk Egypt- Nile River o Thebes and Memphis Indus River Valley- Ganges and Indus Rivers o Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Trade and Technology: Development of trade: o Centralized governments, economies, cultural development. o Increases in resources. Development of technology: o Promotes global migration. o Economic development. o Increased urbanization. Centers of Early Industrialization: England and United States: o Technological development: Medicine Transportation Inventions o Factories and new economic opportunities. o Urban population growth. Urban Population Change: Pre-Industrial Revolution: Population o 1800/01 London 958,863 New York City 60,515 During Industrial Revolution: Population o 1880/81 London 4,776,661 New York City 1,206,299 Today: Population o 2009/10 London 7,619,800 New York City 8,363,710 Changes in Human Inhabitance Today: Technological improvements have allowed people to easily inhabit a wider variety of places: o Travel and transportation. o Power, water, and public services. Trends in Population Distribution and Settlement: Agricultural: o Water o Fertile land Industrializing: o Resources o Technology Modern: o Technology o Cities Section Review: Earliest Civilizations: o Developed along rivers: Provided water for drinking, crop irrigation, bathing, and cleaning. Allowed for transport of goods, services, and people. Cities: o Developed as centers for trade, politics, and culture: Industrialization rapid urban development. o Technological improvements: Allowed cities and populations to grow in a wider range of environments. Recognizing Population Patterns and Historical Trends: Section 2 Objectives: Examine historical patterns of human migration Human Migration: Locations Africans: o They were relocated against their will to North and South America, also Europe: The slavery is over now, but they still migrate to find better lives than where she was before. Europeans: o Large numbers of Spanish, British, and other European countries migrate to the New World, and to other countries like the US, central and also South America. o Also they went to Australia, South Africa and Asia. Asians: o They have migrated to Northwestern and Central America. o Also to Europe and Southern Africa. o They went to Russia, Australia and other parts of Asia as well. Human Migration: Motivations Why do people migrate? o Economic Opportunities. o Resources o Land o Forced Technology and Migration: Improvements in navigation technology: o Astrolabe: Used celestial bodies to determine latitude. o Compass: Showed the direction in which a ship was moving. o Lateen sail: Triangular sail that made travel faster. Imperialism and Migration: 1500s-1800s: o European imperialism: Large numbers of people moved into colonies abroad: Africa, India, Americas, Australia. Land and employment: Farming, services, skilled, and unskilled labor. Period of forced migration for many Africans. Economics of Migration: Industrial Revolution: 1800s o Economic opportunities: Natural resources: Mining, lumber, and farming. Factories: Skilled and unskilled laborers. o Industrialization and development: Carried into the 20th and 21st centuries: Countries that industrialized early have transitioned to new economies: o Technology and financial fields. th Migration in the 20 Century: Factors in modern migration: o War and political factors: WWII: Jewish population- resettlement. Vietnam War: Large numbers of Vietnamese moved to United States. End of colonial empires Algerians moved to France. Fall of Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc Jobs, and Family o Urbanization and economic factors. Movement of populations to urban areas from rural areas. Jobs and opportunities in larger cities. Section Review: Migration linked to economic opportunity: o Since the Age of Exploration. Early migration: o Based on land and resources. Modern migration: o Increase in migration from rural to urban areas. o Migration for political and economic purposes. Recognizing Population Patterns and Historical Trends: Section 3 Objectives: Identify global population distribution and reasons why it is concentrated in some areas and not in others. World Population Density: If it is yellow and no red dots there is no to very, very little people living there. If there is some red making it a very light shade that means there are about 350 people per km. If there is a lot of red and is all clumped together then there are closer to 700 or more people per km. Most populated places: o One is in Europe at over 700 million people there. o Another is South Asia at nearly 2 billion people there. o Finally there is East Asia with over 2 billion people there. Comparative Populations: Europe: o 733,000,000 people South Asia: o 1,800,000,000 people East Asia: o 2,150,000,000 people Land Mass Comparison: China: o 3,705,407 sq. miles o 373 People per sq. mile. India: o 1,269,219 sq. miles o 940 people per sq mile. US: o 3,794,100 sq. miles o 83 people per sq. mile. China has 3x the population to the US, even though the US is larger than China in sq. miles. The US is 3x the size in sq miles than India is, yet India is 3x the size in population than the US is. Factors Affecting Population: Why are some places populated more densely than others? o Health and health care: Availability of doctors, hospitals, and medicine. Endemic diseases. o Personal values, beliefs, and religion: Religion, beliefs and social norms. Use and availability of contraceptives. o Economy: Financial resources. Financial opportunities. o Government policies: Stability. Beliefs, values, agendas and public resources. o Education level: Opportunity availability. Family planning. o Environmental factors: Climate, physical features and natural resources. Hazards. Section Review: South Asia and East Asia: o Most densely populated regions of the world. o Followed by Europe and North America Influences on human habitation in an area: o Availability of arable land and other resources. o Health, economy, culture, politics, and climate. CH 5: Analyzing Population Lesson 3: Patterns of Fertility and Mortality Vocabulary: Fertility- A population's birthrate. Mortality- A population's death rate. Total fertility rate- A measure of the number of children that would be born if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years. Contraceptives- Methods of avoiding a pregnancy. Patterns of Fertility and Mortality: Section 1 Objectives: Define the terms fertility and mortality and understand their meanings in terms of demographics. Understand the relevance of total fertility rate, mortality rate, and infant mortality rate. Fertility and Mortality: Significant differences between industrialized and developing worlds o Higher rates of fertility and mortality in developing countries More accurate data available in developed countries o More resources and money to maintain accurate census, birth, and data Fertility Total Fertility Rate (TFR) o Measures number of children that would be born if all woman lived to the end of their childbearing years o Refers to births per women o TFR below 2 indicates declining and aging population o TFR above 2 indicates a growing population with a declining median age Total Fertility Rate High TFR o Linked to poverty o Lower social status and education of women. o Rural environment; subsistence agriculture o Limited knowledge or understanding of family planning practices or contraception Problems associated with a higher TFR o Growing Population Overcrowding Food Supply Accessibility of government services and funds o Young Population Health care Economy Low TFR o Developed/industrialized nations o Higher Socioeconomic status of women o Stronger education systems o Availability of contraceptives o Access to quality healthcare Problems associated with a low TFR o Aging Population Increased healthcare cost for elderly Pensions and retirement packages Potential for labor shortages Family dynamics o Government involvement Can be government enforced Enforced child limits: China’s one-child policy Possible human rights violations Section Review: Total fertility rate (TFR) o Measure number of children that would be born if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years. o Industrialized countries vs. developing countries. Industrialized countries have lower TFRs. High TFRs Linked to overpopulation, poverty, and lower economic and social status of women. Patterns of Fertility and Mortality: Section 2 Objectives: Identify factors that influence fertility and mortality. Analyze difference in the fertility and mortality rates of low-income versus highincome countries. Child Mortality: Closely linked to poverty UNICEF reports that in 2007, 9.2 million children under the age of 5 died Top killers of children under the age of 5: Pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria o Child Deaths Sub-Saharan Africa 49% South Asia 33% East Asia/Pacific 9% Middle East/North Africa 4% Latin America/Caribbean 3% Eastern Europe (CCC/CIS) 1% Industrialized Country 1% Influencing Factors Political and social Stability o War o Refugees o Education o Role/status of women Economics o Distribution of wealth o Health spending o Sanitation o Clean Water o Accessibility Climate/location o Endemic disease o Availability of resources Child Mortality: Many Deaths and diseases are preventable o Improved sanitation, safe water, education, community development, better nutrition Routine diarrhea deadly in developing world o Easily treated with hydrating mixes of water, sugar, and salt Deaths more common in developing countries o Rural, poorer communities suffer the most. Maternal Mortality: Dangers of Childbirth o Mothers health and safety o Many women die giving birth or from causes related to the pregnancy or delivery These problems are more common in underdeveloped and developing countries Less than two-thirds of the women received assistance from a skilled healthcare worker during childbirth Maternal Mortality Ratio: Industrialized Countries 8MMR-100,000 live births Latin American and Caribbean 130 MMR-100,000 live births Middle East and North Africa 210 MMR-100,000 live births Eastern and Southern Africa 790 MMR-100,000 live births Central and Eastern Europe and CIS 46 MMR-100,000 live births East Asia 150 MMR-100,000 live births South Asia 500 MMR-100,000 live births Western and central Africa 1,100 MMR-100,000 live births Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death: East Asia 1 in 350 Latin America 1 in 280 Middle East and North Africa 1 in 140 South Asia 1 in 59 Eastern and Southern Africa 1 in 29 Western and Central Africa 1 in 17 Adolescent Fertility Rate: East Asia 10 out of 1000 Industrialized Nations 20 out of 1000 Central and Eastern Europe and CIS 25 out of 1000 Middle East and North Africa 25 out of 1000 South Asia 70 out of 1000 Latin America and Caribbean 75 out of 1000 Sub-Saharan Africa 125 out of 1000 Industrialized Countries: Women having first child at a later age: o Average age women gave birth to their first child was 25 in the US, and 28 in the EU: Advanced education, career status of women. In some countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 40% of teenage girls have at least one child before the age of 18. Section Review: Developed countries vs. developing countries: o Developed countries: Lower child and maternal mortality rates. o Developing countries: Children survive child birth but often die from disease. Factors influencing child and maternal mortality: o Economics o Politics o Resources CH 6: Population- Growth and Decline Lesson 1: Health Care and Disease Vocabulary: Endemic- Characteristic of, or natural to, a specific people or place. Vector-borne- Diseases carried from person to person through other hosts, such as animals or insects. Prevalence- The regularity of an occurrence. Coup- The forceful overthrow of a government. Militia- An armed force composed of citizen soldiers. Literacy- A person's capacity to read and write. Antiretroviral- Meant to limit or slow viruses. Health Care and Disease: Section 1 Objectives: Analyze factors contributing to modern health crises. Define the term endemic as it applies to disease. Identify common endemic diseases. The Spread of Disease: Non-infectious disease: o Inherited diseases, by abnormalities in our genetic makeup. o Cancers like breast cancer, lung cancer or brain tumors. o Immune system disorders like multiple sclerosis or lupus. o Cardiovascular diseases like hearth disease or high blood pressure. Infectious disease: o Diseases spread from person to person. Bacterial diseases like strep. Diseases caused by viruses like HIV/AIDS or even the common cold. o Infectious disease spreads in many ways. From person to person. In food and water. Vector-borne diseases. Common infectious Diseases: TB (Tuberculosis) Malaria Sleeping sickness Typhoid Rotovirus Cholera Pandemic: the Black Death Occurred in the 1300s. Likely caused by an outbreak of Bubonic Plague: o Spread by fleas that were carried on rats. o Vector-borne disease. o Began in Central Asia: Reached Black Sea ports in 1347. Spread through Asia and Europe: Pandemic. o Extremely deadly: Killed 40% of Europe’s population. Estimate of 25 million people died there. May have killed 1/3rd of the population in China. o Disease did not go away in the 1300s: Every once in a while people would find the outbreaks in big cities like London or Paris, it had affected thousands of people. Endemic Disease: Endemic- Natural to or characteristic of a specific people or place. o Endemic diseases consistently affect the people of a certain place or region. o Malaria, sleeping sickness, plague, typhoid fever, hepatitis, and other waterborne or vector-borne diseases. Geography of disease: Locations of Typhoid Fever Outbreaks: o High Endemicity: Highest chance of getting the disease and getting sick and dying: Western Brazil Central Africa Southern Asia Some parts of South East Asia o Medium Endemicity: Medium chance of getting sick and dying: Mexico Eastern Brazil Northern Africa Southern Africa Southern Asia Parts of Southeastern Asia o Sporadic Outbreaks: Very little to no chance of Typhoid sickness coming to the places: USA Canada Greenland Europe China Russia Northern Asia Northeastern Asia Australia Iceland Geography of Disease: Prevalence of disease is affected by: o Economics: Cost of health care, workers’ salaries, training, and access to doctors. Access to clean water and sanitation. o Politics: Strong government: Promotes peace, stability, and infrastructure. o Society: Education and status of women: Helps to limit spread of disease. Nations along the equator more affected by disease because many nations have: o Weaker economies o Unstable governments: Postcolonial era for many has resulted in series of coups and leadership changes: Often empowered dictators, warlords, or militia. Weaker education systems: Lower literacy rates, lower completion rates. o In some cases women do not have access to education beyond elementary school. Section Review: Factors influencing prevalence of endemic disease include: o Environment o Accessibility of clean water, sanitation o Government stability Health Care and Disease: Section 2 Objectives: Analyze factors contributing to modern health crises. Identify common endemic diseases. Economics of Disease: Direct correlation between disease management and nation’s wealth: o Developing countries: Lack proper sanitation, lack clean water sources, and limited access to health care and health care facilities. o Financial donations and humanitarian work by nonprofits and NGOs. Wealth and Infectious: Tanzania o Population 41,892,895 o GDP(purchasing power parity) $57.9 billion o GDP (per capita) $1,400 o Risk of infectious disease Very high Burma(Myanmar) o Population 53,414,374 o GDP(purchasing power parity) $56.9 billion o GDP (per capita) $1,100 o Risk of infectious disease Very high Colombia o Population 44,205,293 o GDP(purchasing power parity) $401.0 billion o GDP (per capita) $9,200 o Risk of infectious disease High United States o Population 310,232,863 o GDP(purchasing power parity) $14.3 trillion o GDP (per capita) $46,400 o Risk of infectious disease Very low Income and World Deaths: Deaths in 2004: Who is dying? o Low Income 45% o Middle Income 41% o High Income 14% Life Expectancy 80+ o Japan, Singapore, Australia, Canada, France, Israel 70-80 o Austria, South Korea, United States, Argentina 60-70 o Bolivia, Nepal, Russia, Iraq, Kazakhstan 50-60 o Ghana, Congo, Uganda, Niger, Rwanda <50 o Zimbabwe, Malawi, Afghanistan, Angola Diseases of the Developed World: Diseases of the Developed World o Heart disease, Cancer, Stroke, Obesity Diseases of the Underdeveloped World: Diseases of the Underdeveloped World o Heart Disease o Diarrhea disease o Lower Respiratory Infection High-Income Nations: High-Income Countries o Heart Disease 31% o Stroke 18% o Lung Cancer 11% o Lower Respiratory Infection 2% o Pulmonary disease 7% o Dementia 7% o Colon Cancer 7% o Diabetes 5% o Breast Cancer 4% o Stomach Cancer 3% Middle-Income Countries: o Heart Disease 27% o Stroke 27% o Lung Cancer 6% o Lower Respiratory Infection 7% o Pulmonary disease 14% o Traffic Accident 5% o Hypertension 5% o Diabetes 4% o Tuberculosis 1% o Stomach Cancer 4% Low-Income Countries: Low Income countries o Lower Respiratory Infection 20% o Heart Disease 17% o Diarrhea disease 13% o HIV/AIDS 10% o Stroke 10% o Pulmonary Disease 6% o Neo-Natal infections 6% o Malaria 6% o Tuberculosis 6% o Prematurity 6% Cause of Death Comparison: Low-Income o Lower Respiratory Infection o Malaria o Diarrhea disease o HIV/AIDS o Stroke o Pulmonary Disease o Neo-Natal infections o Tuberculosis o Diabetes o Stroke o Prematurity Middle-Income o Malaria o Stroke o Lung Cancer o Lower Respiratory Infection o Pulmonary Disease o Traffic Accident o Hypertension o Diabetes o Tuberculosis o Stomach Cancer High-Income o Malaria o Stroke o Lung Cancer o Lower Respiratory Infection o Pulmonary Disease o Dementia o Colon Cancer o Stomach Cancer Section Review: High-Income Countries o Higher life expectancy o Diseases like cancer, strokes, and heart attacks Low-Income Countries: o Lower life expectancy o Diseases like TB, malaria, HIV/AIDS, respiratory disease, and diarrhea Health Care and Disease: Section 3 Objectives: Examine the effects of HIV/AIDS on the population of Botswana Health in Crisis: 33,400,000 PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS WORLDWIDE Health and Life Expectancy: In 2003, the average life expectancy at birth in Botswana was 33 years By 2007, 95,000 children in Botswana were orphaned as a result of losing a parent, or both parents, to HIV/AIDS What is AIDS: Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome o Caused by infection – HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Virus spreads through the body, attacking blood cells that protect the body against disease Transmitted through the transfer of bodily fluids from one person to another The virus may cause AIDS, a shutdown of the body’s immune defenses against disease Botswana: 2003 vs. 2007 2003 37.3% o Of the adult population of Botswana living with HIV/AIDS o 2007 23.9% 350,000 o People (adults and children) living with HIV/AIDS in Botswana o 300,000 33,000 o Number of people who died as a result of HIV/AIDS in Botswana o 11,000 HIV/AIDS in Botswana: Botswana o Adult prevalence rate 23.9% o People living with HIV/AIDS 300,000 o HIV/AIDS deaths 11,000 Belgium o Adult prevalence rate 0.2% o People living with HIV/AIDS 15,000 o HIV/AIDS deaths less than 100 Population Pyramid: Botswana:2003 o The life expectancy was very low because the oldest you got before dying was about 35 – 39 years old. This is because there weren’t many resources to keep them healthy and let them live longer. People are having fewer children. Belgium: 2005 o People are living longer. Its more evened out. And there was a baby boom from 30- 34 all the way to 55-59. Life Expectancy at Birth: Male 2003 the life expectancy of Botswana was low: 32.26 For Belgium life expectancy was high : 75.92 Female 2003 Life expectancy in Botswana was a little bit higher at 32.3 and for Belgium it was higher at 79.07. Male 2009 Botswana had a big jump at 61.72 for life expectancy and in Belgium life expectancy was at 76.06. Female life expectancy was at 61.99 in Botswana and in Belgium it was 82.53. Fighting the Spread of AIDS: Treatment o Making antiretroviral drugs available to those in need Prevention o Education and safety Testing o Part of routine exams or checkups o Helps to remove stigma Section Review: Botswana o 2007 Ranked 2nd in the world in number of adults living with HIV/AIDS (23.9%) Ranked 23rd in the world when including adults and children (15% of total population) o 2009 Life expectancy at birth rises to nearly 60 years Improvements through increased access to HIV/AIDS medications, prevention education, and a growing economy. CH 6: Population- Growth and Decline Lesson 2: Politics, Policies, and Population Vocabulary: Gender equity- The equality of the sexes. Reproductive- Connected to, or concerned with, reproduction. Maternity- Having to do with motherhood. Infanticide- Killing a newborn child. Abortion- The ending of a pregnancy by the removal of the embryo. Politics, Policies, and Population: Section 1 Objectives: Identify economics, social, and environmental factors contributing to government population policies. Analyze the Swedish government’s motivation for promoting population growth. Comparing Population Change: Africa: o Total Population: 967,049,000 o Population 65+ 32,653,000 (3%) o Population <15 400,004,000 (41%) o Life expectancy at birth: 54 years o Population projection 2050: 1,932,394,000 Asia: o Total Population: 4,052,332,000 o Population 65+ 268,981,000 (7%) o Population <15 1,090,690,000 (27%) o Life expectancy at birth: 69 years o Population projection 2050: 5,427,360,000 Europe: o Total Population: 725,579,000 o Population 65+ 118,577,000 (16%) o Population <15 114,649,000 (16%) o Life expectancy at birth: 75 years o Population projection 2050: 685,007,000 Comparing Populations: Replacement-level population growth: o Aging population. o Women earning advanced degrees. o Social equality for women. o Ability of contraception’s. o Economic and political stability. Population Policies: Increasing population: Sweden o Aging populations. o Maintain national majority. Decreasing population: o Economic pressures. o Food/land shortage. o Improve standard of living. Eliminating population: o Eugenics. o Genocide. Increasing population: encouraging growth o Developed countries (“First World”) Stronger education and economic systems and more stable governments and social systems: Counteracting an aging population. Promoting the growth of an ethnic group. Sweden: Location In Europe, between Norway and Finland. Surrounded by Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Baltic Sea, and North Sea. Sweden: Demographics Birth Rate: o 1960: 13.7/1000 o 1970: 13.7/1000 o 1980: 11.7/1000 o 1990: 14.5/1000 o 2000: 10.2/1000 o 2005: 11.2/1000 o 2006: 11.7/1000 o 2007: 11.7/1000 o 2008: 11.9/1000 Death Rate: o 1960: 10/1000 o 1970: 10/1000 o 1980: 11/1000 o 1990: 11.1/1000 o 2000: 10.5/1000 o 2005: 10.2/1000 o 2006: 10/1000 o 2007: 10/1000 o 2008: 9.9/1000 Death rate has stayed between 11 and 9.9 Birth rate has had the highest of 14.5/1000, but mostly in the 11 range. Sweden: Population Struggles Financial burdens to individuals and to the government: o “Baby booms” require new schools, classrooms, and resources for children. o Aging populations require pensions, retirement, and healthcare. Sweden: Encouraging Growth Incentives to Have Children: o 18-months’ leave: Both parents. Paid for by the government. o Public daycare: Free. Subsidized by the government. o Flexible work schedules: Reduced working hours or alternative hours for parents of preschool-aged children. Section Review: Governments establish population policies: o To encourage population growth. o To limit population growth. o To eliminate a culture group. Developed countries: o Tend to have limited population growth. o Results in aging populations. o Example: Sweden Rewarding citizens to encourage growth. Politics, Policies, and Population: Section 1 Objectives: Compare the approaches to limiting population growth taken by the Chinese and Indian governments. Population Policies: Review Increasing Population o Aging population o Maintain national majority Decreasing population o Economic pressures o Food/land shortage o Improve standard of living Eliminating population o Eugenics o Genocide Population Policies: Decreasing population: discouraging growth o Developing countries (“Third World”) Often brings up the question of gender equality, woman’s rights, and social equality What are the government policies? How do these policies affect women and men? Population in China and India: China o Total population 1,324,708,000 o Births 16,029,000 o Deaths 9,180,000 o Life expectancy at birth 73 years o Total fertility rate 1.6 o Population 2025 1,476,000,000 o Population 2050 1,437,000,000 India o Total population 1,149,285,000 o Births 27,008,000 o Deaths 8,620,000 o Life expectancy at birth 65 years o Total fertility rate 2.8 o Population 2025 1,407,663,000 o Population 2050 1,755,156,000 Population in China and India: China o Land are (sq. km) 9,560,981 o Density (population/sq. km) 139 o Urban population 594,794,000 (45%) o Urban population living in slums 38% o Population living below USS1 per day 18.8% o Population using adequate sanitation (1999) 38% India o Land are (sq. km) 3,287,263 o Density (population/sq. km) 350 o Urban population 327,316,000 (28%) o Urban population living in slums 35% o Population living below USS1 per day 44.2% o Population using adequate sanitation (1999) 31% China: Discouraging Growth: Family planning policy o One child only in urban areas o More than one permitted in some rural ares, and for some minority ethnic groups Reward system o Couples given access to benefits Longer maternity leave, cash, child care, and better housing China: Discouraging Growth: Government monitors pregnancies and methods of contraception o Young people encouraged to wait long to have a child o Unauthorized pregnancies recommended to abort o Previously, couples with more than one child were sterilized o Fines for having more than one child China: Discouraging Growth: Program has been successful in limiting population growth, but not without consequences o Aging population before those born before 1979 o Culturally, elderly are cared for by their children; now could mean extra burden on government o Disparity in male/female populations-status of female babies lower: 114 males/100 female- infanticide, neglect, abortion. Section Review: Limiting population growth o Government involvement in policies encouraged by massive populations and limited resources China o Limits enacted through legislation and widely available contraceptives o Government controversially limits many families to one child Potentially violates citizens’ human rights Politics, Policies, and Population: Section 3 Objectives: Identify economic, social, and environmental factors contributing to government population policies Analyze the Swedish government’s motivation for promoting population growth Compare the approaches to limiting population growth taken by the Chinese and Indian governments India: Discouraging Growth Government-funded programs o Began in 1951 o Early programs focused on forced, specific methods of family planning or “population control” o Today, the focus is on family planning education and reproductive health Advancing women o Education and literacy o Gender equality o Economic status “Small family, happy family” o Family planning education, better access to health care and contraceptives o Establishment of women’s clubs o Female literacy, education, skills development, and economic self reliance India: Discouraging Growth Despite gains in the status of women and in family planning awareness, success is yet to be determined o 1970s forced sterilization in the poorest areas; violated human rights; 1996-changed policies and methods o Cultural importance of having a son; many in rural areas continued to have children until a son was born o Disparity in male/female populations; status of female babies lower; infanticide, neglect, abortion Controlling Population Growth: China o Contraceptive use among married women (ages 15-49) 90% o IUD (intrauterine device) 39.6% o Pill 1.7% o Condom 4.3% o Female sterilization 33% o Male sterilization 6.9% India o Contraceptive use among married women (ages 15-49) 56% o IUD (intrauterine device)1.7% o Pill 3.1% o Condom 5.2 o Female sterilization 37.3% o Male sterilization 1% Section Review: Developing countries o Rapid population growth resulted in overwhelmingly young populations o China and India examples Two of the most populous countries in the world o Have established services, fines and policies to help limit population growth India o Focus on improving skills and education of women