Download Phoenix - GUHSD`13 CA COMMON CORE GEOG (S003)

Phoenix - GUHSD’13 CA COMMON CORE GEOG (S003) - Week 3
CH 5: Analyzing Population Lesson 1: Population Distribution
Vocabulary:
 Population density- The size of a population relative to a given area or land size.
 Megalopolis- A region comprised of two or more metropolitan areas.
 Demographic transition- A popular model that explains what happens to the
population of countries over time.
 Replacement level- The state in which every two people have two children.
 Demographers- Scientists who study human populations, including their density
and growth.
 Socioeconomic status- A measure of a person's rank in society based on factors
such as education and occupation.
Population Distribution: Section 1
Objectives:
 Identify sources of data used by geographers.
 Understand methods geographers use to measure and represent population
density.
Measuring Population:
 Population:
o The total number of people inhabiting a country, city or district area.
Sources of Data:
 Data Collection:
o Survey:
 Sample
 Census
o Fieldwork:
 Observation
Survey:
 Opinion poll, questionnaire, or sampling:
o Statistical data often used for marketing or research.
 Sample:
o Focuses on only a sample of the population.
o Data is generalized for population.
o Done by Census Bureau.
 Example: 1/5 of households receive a longer questionnaire called
the American Community Survey.
The Census:
 Done every 10 years in years ending in zero.
 First census was done in 1790.
 Information about a population:
o Age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, languages spoken, education,
profession, income level, number of children, current residence, and
citizenship.
o United Nations recommends that a census be taken every 10 years.
o Collected via written questionnaire.
o Multiple uses including population count, research and marketing.
Other Sources of Data:
 Observation- fieldwork:
o Human geography- economics:
 Number of fast food restaurants that have opened within the given
area.
o Physical geography:
 Climatic changes and the effects on a particular region.
 Organizations:
o Governments and government organizations:
 NASA, FBI, CIA.
 National Weather Service, Geographic Society, recordkeeping
agencies.
Understanding Population:
 Population density
o The size of a population relative to a given area. (land size)
o Populations in country are not evenly distributed.
 Physical features, economic opportunity, and other factors
influence where people live.
Mapping Population:
 Geographers use maps to display population information.
o Dot density maps:
 Dots across the map show where objects or people are located.
 Example: 1 dot = 100,000 people.
o Choropleth maps:
 Maps on which territories are color-shaded based on data.
 Shades of color used to indicate density.
Megalopolis:
 Huge urban area
o BosWash megalopolis
 Cities from Boston to Washington, DC.
 20% of US populations live in these cities.
Section Review:
 Census:
o Taken to determine size of population.
o Provides info about population.
 Ages, races, languages spoken, etc.
 Dot density and Choropleth maps.
o Show population distribution and density.
 Megalopolis
o A region that makes up a huge urban area.
o BosWash
Population Distribution: Section 2
Objectives:
 Identify and describe the four stages of demographic transition.
Demographic Transition:
 Demographic Transition Model:
o A geographic model that describes population change over time.
 Theory developed by American geographer Warren Thompson.
 Developed countries are at stage three or four.
Stage of Demographic Transition:
 Balance:
o Agricultural societies
 Few resources or technologies limit the population’s growth.
 Birthrates and death rates high but roughly balanced.
o Population remains stable and begins to grow.
 Growth:
o Developing industrial societies.
 Societies discover technology and resources that encourage
growth.
 Birthrates remain high, especially in rural areas where children are
needed for labor.
 Improved living conditions and medical knowledge  lower death
rates.
o Population grows rapidly.
 Leveling:
o Birthrates fall due to societal changes:
 Societies discover technology and medicine that change behaviors.
 Urbanization, contraception, and improvement in the status and
education of women lead to diminished need for child workers.
 Improved living conditions and medical knowledge  lower death
rates.
o Population begins to level off and growth stops.
 Replacement:
o Modernization, societal changes continue to limit birthrates.
 Societies continue to discover new technology and resources that
create a balanced population.
 Improved living conditions and medical knowledge continue
contributing to lower death rates.
o Replacement level: every two people have two children.
 In many stage 4 countries, citizens are choosing to have one child
or no children.
o Population stays level or begins to drop.
 Different parts of the world in different population stages.
o Consider number of births and deaths.
o Migration is not an immediate factor.
 Migration to a country in stage 3 or 4 is greater.
 Migration from a country in stage 1 or 2 is greater.
Section Review:
 Demographers and population geographers believe populations transition in four
stages:
o Standards of living, socioeconomic status, health care, education, and the
position of women improve.
 Total fertility rate within a country decreases.
 Birthrates and death rates also usually decrease.
Population Distribution: Section 3
Objectives:
 Interpret and compare demographic data and draw conclusions.
Total Fertility Rate:
 Take a look at population data and draw some conclusions on it.
 We will be looking mostly at Niger and Italy on total fertility rates.
 Total fertility rate- average number of children that would be born per women if
all women lived to the end of their child bearing years.
 The magic number for this one is about 2.
o Countries below 2 are stable and have low birth rats and low death rates, it
is stable and live longer and have better lives.
o Countries above 2 have shorter lives and are unbalanced and have lives
that are harder to live in.
Population Growth Rate:
 Population growth rate- the average annual percent change of the population.
o This means more children are being born than people that takes into
account birth and death, it also takes into account migration.
 So we see that Niger, again, has a very high population growth
rate.
 Every year, Niger’s population is growing 3.68% year after
year after year.
 So we can see their population is going to double every
decade or so, so very, very quickly.
 While on the other hand, we have Italy, and we could see, in fact,
their population is actually shrinking.
 It is getting smaller and smaller each and every year, and,
in fact, it’s also getting older.
 There aren’t as many children being born as older people,
so the average age is also growing older.
Niger: Population Pyramid
 Population pyramids are convenient to have to look at population data over time.
 This particular pyramid shape is indicative of a population that is growing, and
growing very quickly.
 Very common to see this in a developing world.
 This is common in the demographic transition levels one and two.
 Average age of Niger is about 14 years old.
o More children than older people.
o Life expectancy is also low
 Also shows men and female population rates, not just one or the other.
Italy: Population Pyramid
 This one is more stable.
 The big bulge there was the baby boom era after the Civil War, for about 15
years.
 After that the population began to stabilize and straighten out again.
 Older people are here more than the younger people.
 People are lasting a lot longer.
 Very long life expectancy.
Country Comparison:
 Italy
o 8.18 births/1,000 pop.
o 10.61 deaths/1000 pop.
o Life expectancy at birth: 80.2 years
o Median age: 43.3 years
o Total population: 58,126,212
 68% urban
o 5.51/1,000 infant mortality
o 2.06 net migration rate
o Literacy rate: 98.4%
o Total population: 58,126,212
 Niger
o 51.6 births/1,000 pop.
o 20.26 deaths/1000 pop.
o Life expectancy at birth: 52.6 years
o Median age: 15.2 years
o Total population: 15,306,252
 16% urban
o 116.66/1,000 infant mortality
o -0.57 net migration rate
o Literacy rate: 28.7%
o Total population: 15,306,252
For Consideration:
 How could an aging population impact Italy’s economy?
o Increased cost in caring for elderly:
 Medications, health care.
o More retirees, fewer workers, less spending.
 How might a youthful population impact Niger’s economic development?
o Fewer jobs as young get older.
o Cost of feeding, caretaking, educating youth.
o Limited food supply.
Section Review:
 Italy:
o Aging population
o Low number of births
o Long life expectancy
 Niger:
o Young population
o High number of births
o Short life expectancy
CH 5: Analyzing Population Lesson 2: Recognizing Population Patterns and
Historical Trends
Vocabulary:
 Arable- Capable of being farmed.
 Resettlement- The act of moving or relocating to a different area.
 Age of Exploration- A period between the 15th and 17th centuries when
Europeans started to travel around the world.
 Densely- Tightly compacted.
Recognizing Population Patterns and Historical Trends: Section 1
Objectives:
 Explore historical trends of population distribution.
Where do humans settle?
 Human inhabitance:
o Arable land
 Farmable land
Population Distribution: Egypt
 99% of Egypt’s population lives in the Nile River Valley and Delta.
 Water source, agriculture, transportation, and trade.
 Egypt:
o Total population- 83 million people.
o 99% of population lives on 3% of the land.
River Valley Civilizations:
 Egypt
 Mesopotamia
 Indus River Valley
 Developed in river valleys:
o Floodwaters deposited silt, which enriched the soil.
o Constructed irrigation systems.
o Year-round farming:
 Food surplus leads to increased time for societal development.
First Cities:
 Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
o Sumer, Ur and Uruk
 Egypt- Nile River
o Thebes and Memphis
 Indus River Valley- Ganges and Indus Rivers
o Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Trade and Technology:
 Development of trade:
o Centralized governments, economies, cultural development.
o Increases in resources.
 Development of technology:
o Promotes global migration.
o Economic development.
o Increased urbanization.
Centers of Early Industrialization:
 England and United States:
o Technological development:
 Medicine
 Transportation
 Inventions
o Factories and new economic opportunities.
o Urban population growth.
Urban Population Change:
 Pre-Industrial Revolution: Population
o 1800/01
 London
 958,863
 New York City
 60,515
 During Industrial Revolution: Population
o 1880/81
 London
 4,776,661
 New York City
 1,206,299
 Today: Population
o 2009/10
 London
 7,619,800
 New York City
 8,363,710
Changes in Human Inhabitance Today:
 Technological improvements have allowed people to easily inhabit a wider
variety of places:
o Travel and transportation.
o Power, water, and public services.
Trends in Population Distribution and Settlement:
 Agricultural:
o Water
o Fertile land
 Industrializing:
o Resources
o Technology
 Modern:
o Technology
o Cities
Section Review:
 Earliest Civilizations:
o Developed along rivers:
 Provided water for drinking, crop irrigation, bathing, and cleaning.


Allowed for transport of goods, services, and people.
Cities:
o Developed as centers for trade, politics, and culture:
 Industrialization  rapid urban development.
o Technological improvements:
 Allowed cities and populations to grow in a wider range of
environments.
Recognizing Population Patterns and Historical Trends: Section 2
Objectives:
 Examine historical patterns of human migration
Human Migration: Locations
 Africans:
o They were relocated against their will to North and
South America, also Europe:
 The slavery is over now, but they still migrate to find better lives
than where she was before.
 Europeans:
o Large numbers of Spanish, British, and other European countries migrate
to the New World, and to other countries like the US, central and also
South America.
o Also they went to Australia, South Africa and Asia.
 Asians:
o They have migrated to Northwestern and Central America.
o Also to Europe and Southern Africa.
o They went to Russia, Australia and other parts of Asia as well.
Human Migration: Motivations
 Why do people migrate?
o Economic Opportunities.
o Resources
o Land
o Forced
Technology and Migration:
 Improvements in navigation technology:
o Astrolabe:
 Used celestial bodies to determine latitude.
o Compass:
 Showed the direction in which a ship was moving.
o Lateen sail:
 Triangular sail that made travel faster.
Imperialism and Migration:
 1500s-1800s:
o European imperialism:
 Large numbers of people moved into colonies abroad:
 Africa, India, Americas, Australia.
 Land and employment:
 Farming, services, skilled, and unskilled labor.
 Period of forced migration for many Africans.
Economics of Migration:
 Industrial Revolution: 1800s
o Economic opportunities:
 Natural resources:
 Mining, lumber, and farming.
 Factories:
 Skilled and unskilled laborers.
o Industrialization and development:
 Carried into the 20th and 21st centuries:
 Countries that industrialized early have transitioned to new
economies:
o Technology and financial fields.
th
Migration in the 20 Century:
 Factors in modern migration:
o War and political factors:
 WWII:
 Jewish population- resettlement.
 Vietnam War:
 Large numbers of Vietnamese moved to United States.
 End of colonial empires
 Algerians moved to France.
 Fall of Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc
 Jobs, and Family
o Urbanization and economic factors.
 Movement of populations to urban areas from rural areas.
 Jobs and opportunities in larger cities.
Section Review:
 Migration linked to economic opportunity:
o Since the Age of Exploration.
 Early migration:
o Based on land and resources.
 Modern migration:
o Increase in migration from rural to urban areas.
o Migration for political and economic purposes.
Recognizing Population Patterns and Historical Trends: Section 3
Objectives:
 Identify global population distribution and reasons why it is concentrated in some
areas and not in others.
World Population Density:
 If it is yellow and no red dots there is no to very, very little people living there.
 If there is some red making it a very light shade that means there are about 350
people per km.
 If there is a lot of red and is all clumped together then there are closer to 700 or
more people per km.

Most populated places:
o One is in Europe at over 700 million people there.
o Another is South Asia at nearly 2 billion people there.
o Finally there is East Asia with over 2 billion people there.
Comparative Populations:
 Europe:
o 733,000,000 people
 South Asia:
o 1,800,000,000 people
 East Asia:
o 2,150,000,000 people
Land Mass Comparison:
 China:
o 3,705,407 sq. miles
o 373 People per sq. mile.
 India:
o 1,269,219 sq. miles
o 940 people per sq mile.
 US:
o 3,794,100 sq. miles
o 83 people per sq. mile.
 China has 3x the population to the US, even though the US is larger than China in
sq. miles.
 The US is 3x the size in sq miles than India is, yet India is 3x the size in
population than the US is.
Factors Affecting Population:
 Why are some places populated more densely than others?
o Health and health care:
 Availability of doctors, hospitals, and medicine.
 Endemic diseases.
o Personal values, beliefs, and religion:
 Religion, beliefs and social norms.
 Use and availability of contraceptives.
o Economy:
 Financial resources.
 Financial opportunities.
o Government policies:
 Stability.
 Beliefs, values, agendas and public resources.
o Education level:
 Opportunity availability.
 Family planning.
o Environmental factors:
 Climate, physical features and natural resources.
 Hazards.
Section Review:

South Asia and East Asia:
o Most densely populated regions of the world.
o Followed by Europe and North America
 Influences on human habitation in an area:
o Availability of arable land and other resources.
o Health, economy, culture, politics, and climate.
CH 5: Analyzing Population Lesson 3: Patterns of Fertility and Mortality
Vocabulary:
 Fertility- A population's birthrate.
 Mortality- A population's death rate.
 Total fertility rate- A measure of the number of children that would be born if all
women lived to the end of their childbearing years.
 Contraceptives- Methods of avoiding a pregnancy.
Patterns of Fertility and Mortality: Section 1
Objectives:
 Define the terms fertility and mortality and understand their meanings in terms of
demographics.
 Understand the relevance of total fertility rate, mortality rate, and infant mortality
rate.
Fertility and Mortality:
 Significant differences between industrialized and developing worlds
o Higher rates of fertility and mortality in developing countries
 More accurate data available in developed countries
o More resources and money to maintain accurate census, birth, and data
Fertility
 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
o Measures number of children that would be born if all woman lived to the
end of their childbearing years
o Refers to births per women
o TFR below 2 indicates declining and aging population
o TFR above 2 indicates a growing population with a declining median age
Total Fertility Rate
 High TFR
o Linked to poverty
o Lower social status and education of women.
o Rural environment; subsistence agriculture
o Limited knowledge or understanding of family planning practices or
contraception
 Problems associated with a higher TFR
o Growing Population
 Overcrowding
 Food Supply
 Accessibility of government services and funds
o Young Population
 Health care


Economy
Low TFR
o Developed/industrialized nations
o Higher Socioeconomic status of women
o Stronger education systems
o Availability of contraceptives
o Access to quality healthcare
 Problems associated with a low TFR
o Aging Population
 Increased healthcare cost for elderly
 Pensions and retirement packages
 Potential for labor shortages
 Family dynamics
o Government involvement
 Can be government enforced
 Enforced child limits: China’s one-child policy
 Possible human rights violations
Section Review:
 Total fertility rate (TFR)
o Measure number of children that would be born if all women lived to the
end of their childbearing years.
o Industrialized countries vs. developing countries.
 Industrialized countries have lower TFRs.
 High TFRs
 Linked to overpopulation, poverty, and lower economic
and social status of women.
Patterns of Fertility and Mortality: Section 2
Objectives:
 Identify factors that influence fertility and mortality.
 Analyze difference in the fertility and mortality rates of low-income versus highincome countries.
Child Mortality:
 Closely linked to poverty
 UNICEF reports that in 2007, 9.2 million children under the age of 5 died
 Top killers of children under the age of 5: Pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria
o Child Deaths
 Sub-Saharan Africa 49%
 South Asia 33%
 East Asia/Pacific 9%
 Middle East/North Africa 4%
 Latin America/Caribbean 3%
 Eastern Europe (CCC/CIS) 1%
 Industrialized Country 1%
Influencing Factors
 Political and social Stability
o War
o Refugees
o Education
o Role/status of women
 Economics
o Distribution of wealth
o Health spending
o Sanitation
o Clean Water
o Accessibility
 Climate/location
o Endemic disease
o Availability of resources
Child Mortality:
 Many Deaths and diseases are preventable
o Improved sanitation, safe water, education, community development,
better nutrition
 Routine diarrhea deadly in developing world
o Easily treated with hydrating mixes of water, sugar, and salt
 Deaths more common in developing countries
o Rural, poorer communities suffer the most.
Maternal Mortality:
 Dangers of Childbirth
o Mothers health and safety
o Many women die giving birth or from causes related to the pregnancy or
delivery
 These problems are more common in underdeveloped and
developing countries
 Less than two-thirds of the women received assistance from a
skilled healthcare worker during childbirth
Maternal Mortality Ratio:
 Industrialized Countries 8MMR-100,000 live births
 Latin American and Caribbean 130 MMR-100,000 live births
 Middle East and North Africa 210 MMR-100,000 live births
 Eastern and Southern Africa 790 MMR-100,000 live births
 Central and Eastern Europe and CIS 46 MMR-100,000 live births
 East Asia 150 MMR-100,000 live births
 South Asia 500 MMR-100,000 live births
 Western and central Africa 1,100 MMR-100,000 live births
Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death:
 East Asia 1 in 350
 Latin America 1 in 280
 Middle East and North Africa 1 in 140
 South Asia 1 in 59
 Eastern and Southern Africa 1 in 29
 Western and Central Africa 1 in 17
Adolescent Fertility Rate:
 East Asia 10 out of 1000
 Industrialized Nations 20 out of 1000
 Central and Eastern Europe and CIS 25 out of 1000
 Middle East and North Africa 25 out of 1000
 South Asia 70 out of 1000
 Latin America and Caribbean 75 out of 1000
 Sub-Saharan Africa 125 out of 1000
Industrialized Countries:
 Women having first child at a later age:
o Average age women gave birth to their first child was 25 in the US, and 28
in the EU:
 Advanced education, career status of women.
 In some countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 40% of teenage girls
have at least one child before the age of 18.
Section Review:
 Developed countries vs. developing countries:
o Developed countries:
 Lower child and maternal mortality rates.
o Developing countries:
 Children survive child birth but often die from disease.
 Factors influencing child and maternal mortality:
o Economics
o Politics
o Resources
CH 6: Population- Growth and Decline Lesson 1: Health Care and Disease
Vocabulary:
 Endemic- Characteristic of, or natural to, a specific people or place.
 Vector-borne- Diseases carried from person to person through other hosts, such as
animals or insects.
Prevalence- The regularity of an occurrence.
Coup- The forceful overthrow of a government.
Militia- An armed force composed of citizen soldiers.
Literacy- A person's capacity to read and write.
Antiretroviral- Meant to limit or slow viruses.





Health Care and Disease: Section 1
Objectives:
 Analyze factors contributing to modern health crises.
 Define the term endemic as it applies to disease.
 Identify common endemic diseases.
The Spread of Disease:
 Non-infectious disease:
o Inherited diseases, by abnormalities in our genetic makeup.
o Cancers like breast cancer, lung cancer or brain tumors.
o Immune system disorders like multiple sclerosis or lupus.
o Cardiovascular diseases like hearth disease or high blood pressure.
 Infectious disease:
o Diseases spread from person to person.
 Bacterial diseases like strep.
 Diseases caused by viruses like HIV/AIDS or even the common
cold.
o Infectious disease spreads in many ways.
 From person to person.
 In food and water.
 Vector-borne diseases.
Common infectious Diseases:
 TB (Tuberculosis)
 Malaria
 Sleeping sickness
 Typhoid
 Rotovirus
 Cholera
Pandemic: the Black Death
 Occurred in the 1300s.
 Likely caused by an outbreak of Bubonic Plague:
o Spread by fleas that were carried on rats.
o Vector-borne disease.
o Began in Central Asia:
 Reached Black Sea ports in 1347.
 Spread through Asia and Europe:
 Pandemic.
o Extremely deadly:
 Killed 40% of Europe’s population.
 Estimate of 25 million people died there.
 May have killed 1/3rd of the population in China.
o Disease did not go away in the 1300s:
 Every once in a while people would find the outbreaks in big cities
like London or Paris, it had affected thousands of people.
Endemic Disease:
 Endemic- Natural to or characteristic of a specific people or place.
o Endemic diseases consistently affect the people of a certain place or
region.
o Malaria, sleeping sickness, plague, typhoid fever, hepatitis, and other
waterborne or vector-borne diseases.
Geography of disease:
 Locations of Typhoid Fever Outbreaks:
o High Endemicity:
 Highest chance of getting the disease and getting sick and dying:
 Western Brazil
 Central Africa
 Southern Asia
 Some parts of South East Asia
o Medium Endemicity:
 Medium chance of getting sick and dying:
 Mexico
 Eastern Brazil
 Northern Africa
 Southern Africa
 Southern Asia
 Parts of Southeastern Asia
o Sporadic Outbreaks:
 Very little to no chance of Typhoid sickness coming to the places:
 USA
 Canada
 Greenland
 Europe
 China
 Russia
 Northern Asia
 Northeastern Asia
 Australia
 Iceland
Geography of Disease:
 Prevalence of disease is affected by:
o Economics:
 Cost of health care, workers’ salaries, training, and access to
doctors.
 Access to clean water and sanitation.
o Politics:
 Strong government:
 Promotes peace, stability, and infrastructure.
o Society:
 Education and status of women:
 Helps to limit spread of disease.
 Nations along the equator more affected by disease because many nations have:
o Weaker economies
o Unstable governments:
 Postcolonial era for many has resulted in series of coups and
leadership changes:
 Often empowered dictators, warlords, or militia.
 Weaker education systems:
 Lower literacy rates, lower completion rates.
o In some cases women do not have access to
education beyond elementary school.
Section Review:

Factors influencing prevalence of endemic disease include:
o Environment
o Accessibility of clean water, sanitation
o Government stability
Health Care and Disease: Section 2
Objectives:
 Analyze factors contributing to modern health crises.
 Identify common endemic diseases.
Economics of Disease:
 Direct correlation between disease management and nation’s wealth:
o Developing countries:
 Lack proper sanitation, lack clean water sources, and limited
access to health care and health care facilities.
o Financial donations and humanitarian work by nonprofits and NGOs.
Wealth and Infectious:
 Tanzania
o Population 41,892,895
o GDP(purchasing power parity) $57.9 billion
o GDP (per capita) $1,400
o Risk of infectious disease Very high
 Burma(Myanmar)
o Population 53,414,374
o GDP(purchasing power parity) $56.9 billion
o GDP (per capita) $1,100
o Risk of infectious disease Very high
 Colombia
o Population 44,205,293
o GDP(purchasing power parity) $401.0 billion
o GDP (per capita) $9,200
o Risk of infectious disease High
 United States
o Population 310,232,863
o GDP(purchasing power parity) $14.3 trillion
o GDP (per capita) $46,400
o Risk of infectious disease Very low
Income and World Deaths:
 Deaths in 2004: Who is dying?
o Low Income 45%
o Middle Income 41%
o High Income 14%
Life Expectancy
 80+
o Japan, Singapore, Australia, Canada, France, Israel
 70-80
o Austria, South Korea, United States, Argentina
 60-70
o Bolivia, Nepal, Russia, Iraq, Kazakhstan
 50-60
o Ghana, Congo, Uganda, Niger, Rwanda
 <50
o Zimbabwe, Malawi, Afghanistan, Angola
Diseases of the Developed World:
 Diseases of the Developed World
o Heart disease, Cancer, Stroke, Obesity
Diseases of the Underdeveloped World:
 Diseases of the Underdeveloped World
o Heart Disease
o Diarrhea disease
o Lower Respiratory Infection
High-Income Nations:
 High-Income Countries
o Heart Disease 31%
o Stroke 18%
o Lung Cancer 11%
o Lower Respiratory Infection 2%
o Pulmonary disease 7%
o Dementia 7%
o Colon Cancer 7%
o Diabetes 5%
o Breast Cancer 4%
o Stomach Cancer 3%
 Middle-Income Countries:
o Heart Disease 27%
o Stroke 27%
o Lung Cancer 6%
o Lower Respiratory Infection 7%
o Pulmonary disease 14%
o Traffic Accident 5%
o Hypertension 5%
o Diabetes 4%
o Tuberculosis 1%
o Stomach Cancer 4%
Low-Income Countries:
 Low Income countries
o Lower Respiratory Infection 20%
o Heart Disease 17%
o Diarrhea disease 13%
o HIV/AIDS 10%
o Stroke 10%
o Pulmonary Disease 6%
o Neo-Natal infections 6%
o Malaria 6%
o Tuberculosis 6%
o Prematurity 6%
Cause of Death Comparison:
 Low-Income
o Lower Respiratory Infection
o Malaria
o Diarrhea disease
o HIV/AIDS
o Stroke
o Pulmonary Disease
o Neo-Natal infections
o Tuberculosis
o Diabetes
o Stroke
o Prematurity
 Middle-Income
o Malaria
o Stroke
o Lung Cancer
o Lower Respiratory Infection
o Pulmonary Disease
o Traffic Accident
o Hypertension
o Diabetes
o Tuberculosis
o Stomach Cancer
 High-Income
o Malaria
o Stroke
o Lung Cancer
o Lower Respiratory Infection
o Pulmonary Disease
o Dementia
o Colon Cancer
o Stomach Cancer
Section Review:
 High-Income Countries
o Higher life expectancy
o Diseases like cancer, strokes, and heart attacks
 Low-Income Countries:
o Lower life expectancy
o Diseases like TB, malaria, HIV/AIDS, respiratory disease, and diarrhea
Health Care and Disease: Section 3
Objectives:
 Examine the effects of HIV/AIDS on the population of Botswana
Health in Crisis:
 33,400,000 PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS WORLDWIDE
Health and Life Expectancy:
 In 2003, the average life expectancy at birth in Botswana was 33 years
 By 2007, 95,000 children in Botswana were orphaned as a result of losing a
parent, or both parents, to HIV/AIDS
What is AIDS:
 Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome
o Caused by infection – HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
 Virus spreads through the body, attacking blood cells that protect
the body against disease
 Transmitted through the transfer of bodily fluids from one person
to another
 The virus may cause AIDS, a shutdown of the body’s immune
defenses against disease
Botswana: 2003 vs. 2007
 2003 37.3%
o Of the adult population of Botswana living with HIV/AIDS
o 2007 23.9%
 350,000
o People (adults and children) living with HIV/AIDS in Botswana
o 300,000
 33,000
o Number of people who died as a result of HIV/AIDS in Botswana
o 11,000
HIV/AIDS in Botswana:
 Botswana
o Adult prevalence rate 23.9%
o People living with HIV/AIDS 300,000
o HIV/AIDS deaths 11,000
 Belgium
o Adult prevalence rate 0.2%
o People living with HIV/AIDS 15,000
o HIV/AIDS deaths less than 100
Population Pyramid:
 Botswana:2003
o The life expectancy was very low because the oldest you got before dying
was about 35 – 39 years old. This is because there weren’t many resources
to keep them healthy and let them live longer. People are having fewer
children.
 Belgium: 2005
o People are living longer. Its more evened out. And there was a baby boom
from 30- 34 all the way to 55-59.
Life Expectancy at Birth:
 Male 2003 the life expectancy of Botswana was low: 32.26 For Belgium life
expectancy was high : 75.92

Female 2003 Life expectancy in Botswana was a little bit higher at 32.3 and for
Belgium it was higher at 79.07.
 Male 2009 Botswana had a big jump at 61.72 for life expectancy and in Belgium
life expectancy was at 76.06.
 Female life expectancy was at 61.99 in Botswana and in Belgium it was 82.53.
Fighting the Spread of AIDS:
 Treatment
o Making antiretroviral drugs available to those in need
 Prevention
o Education and safety
 Testing
o Part of routine exams or checkups
o Helps to remove stigma
Section Review:
 Botswana
o 2007
 Ranked 2nd in the world in number of adults living with HIV/AIDS
(23.9%)
 Ranked 23rd in the world when including adults and
children (15% of total population)
o 2009
 Life expectancy at birth rises to nearly 60 years
 Improvements through increased access to HIV/AIDS
medications, prevention education, and a growing
economy.
CH 6: Population- Growth and Decline Lesson 2: Politics, Policies, and Population
Vocabulary:
 Gender equity- The equality of the sexes.
 Reproductive- Connected to, or concerned with, reproduction.
 Maternity- Having to do with motherhood.
 Infanticide- Killing a newborn child.
 Abortion- The ending of a pregnancy by the removal of the embryo.
Politics, Policies, and Population: Section 1
Objectives:
 Identify economics, social, and environmental factors contributing to government
population policies.
 Analyze the Swedish government’s motivation for promoting population growth.
Comparing Population Change:
 Africa:
o Total Population:
 967,049,000
o Population 65+
 32,653,000 (3%)
o Population <15
 400,004,000 (41%)
o Life expectancy at birth:
 54 years
o Population projection 2050:
 1,932,394,000
 Asia:
o Total Population:
 4,052,332,000
o Population 65+
 268,981,000 (7%)
o Population <15
 1,090,690,000 (27%)
o Life expectancy at birth:
 69 years
o Population projection 2050:
 5,427,360,000
 Europe:
o Total Population:
 725,579,000
o Population 65+
 118,577,000 (16%)
o Population <15
 114,649,000 (16%)
o Life expectancy at birth:
 75 years
o Population projection 2050:
 685,007,000
Comparing Populations:
 Replacement-level population growth:
o Aging population.
o Women earning advanced degrees.
o Social equality for women.
o Ability of contraception’s.
o Economic and political stability.
Population Policies:
 Increasing population: Sweden
o Aging populations.
o Maintain national majority.
 Decreasing population:
o Economic pressures.
o Food/land shortage.
o Improve standard of living.
 Eliminating population:
o Eugenics.
o Genocide.
 Increasing population: encouraging growth
o Developed countries (“First World”)

Stronger education and economic systems and more stable
governments and social systems:
 Counteracting an aging population.
 Promoting the growth of an ethnic group.
Sweden: Location
 In Europe, between Norway and Finland.
 Surrounded by Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Baltic Sea, and North Sea.
Sweden: Demographics
 Birth Rate:
o 1960: 13.7/1000
o 1970: 13.7/1000
o 1980: 11.7/1000
o 1990: 14.5/1000
o 2000: 10.2/1000
o 2005: 11.2/1000
o 2006: 11.7/1000
o 2007: 11.7/1000
o 2008: 11.9/1000
 Death Rate:
o 1960: 10/1000
o 1970: 10/1000
o 1980: 11/1000
o 1990: 11.1/1000
o 2000: 10.5/1000
o 2005: 10.2/1000
o 2006: 10/1000
o 2007: 10/1000
o 2008: 9.9/1000
 Death rate has stayed between 11 and 9.9
 Birth rate has had the highest of 14.5/1000, but mostly in the 11 range.
Sweden: Population Struggles
 Financial burdens to individuals and to the government:
o “Baby booms” require new schools, classrooms, and resources for
children.
o Aging populations require pensions, retirement, and healthcare.
Sweden: Encouraging Growth
 Incentives to Have Children:
o 18-months’ leave:
 Both parents.
 Paid for by the government.
o Public daycare:
 Free.
 Subsidized by the government.
o Flexible work schedules:
 Reduced working hours or alternative hours for parents of
preschool-aged children.
Section Review:
 Governments establish population policies:
o To encourage population growth.
o To limit population growth.
o To eliminate a culture group.
 Developed countries:
o Tend to have limited population growth.
o Results in aging populations.
o Example: Sweden
 Rewarding citizens to encourage growth.
Politics, Policies, and Population: Section 1
Objectives:
 Compare the approaches to limiting population growth taken by the Chinese and
Indian governments.
Population Policies: Review
 Increasing Population
o Aging population
o Maintain national majority
 Decreasing population
o Economic pressures
o Food/land shortage
o Improve standard of living
 Eliminating population
o Eugenics
o Genocide
Population Policies:
 Decreasing population: discouraging growth
o Developing countries (“Third World”)
 Often brings up the question of gender equality, woman’s rights,
and social equality
 What are the government policies? How do these policies affect
women and men?
Population in China and India:
 China
o Total population 1,324,708,000
o Births 16,029,000
o Deaths 9,180,000
o Life expectancy at birth 73 years
o Total fertility rate 1.6
o Population 2025 1,476,000,000
o Population 2050 1,437,000,000
 India
o Total population 1,149,285,000
o Births 27,008,000
o Deaths 8,620,000
o Life expectancy at birth 65 years
o Total fertility rate 2.8
o Population 2025 1,407,663,000
o Population 2050 1,755,156,000
Population in China and India:
 China
o Land are (sq. km) 9,560,981
o Density (population/sq. km) 139
o Urban population 594,794,000 (45%)
o Urban population living in slums 38%
o Population living below USS1 per day 18.8%
o Population using adequate sanitation (1999) 38%
 India
o Land are (sq. km) 3,287,263
o Density (population/sq. km) 350
o Urban population 327,316,000 (28%)
o Urban population living in slums 35%
o Population living below USS1 per day 44.2%
o Population using adequate sanitation (1999) 31%
China: Discouraging Growth:
 Family planning policy
o One child only in urban areas
o More than one permitted in some rural ares, and for some minority ethnic
groups
 Reward system
o Couples given access to benefits
 Longer maternity leave, cash, child care, and better housing
China: Discouraging Growth:
 Government monitors pregnancies and methods of contraception
o Young people encouraged to wait long to have a child
o Unauthorized pregnancies recommended to abort
o Previously, couples with more than one child were sterilized
o Fines for having more than one child
China: Discouraging Growth:
 Program has been successful in limiting population growth, but not without
consequences
o Aging population before those born before 1979
o Culturally, elderly are cared for by their children; now could mean extra
burden on government
o Disparity in male/female populations-status of female babies lower: 114
males/100 female- infanticide, neglect, abortion.
Section Review:
 Limiting population growth
o Government involvement in policies encouraged by massive populations
and limited resources
 China
o Limits enacted through legislation and widely available contraceptives
o Government controversially limits many families to one child
 Potentially violates citizens’ human rights
Politics, Policies, and Population: Section 3
Objectives:
 Identify economic, social, and environmental factors contributing to government
population policies
 Analyze the Swedish government’s motivation for promoting population growth
 Compare the approaches to limiting population growth taken by the Chinese and
Indian governments
India: Discouraging Growth
 Government-funded programs
o Began in 1951
o Early programs focused on forced, specific methods of family planning or
“population control”
o Today, the focus is on family planning education and reproductive health
 Advancing women
o Education and literacy
o Gender equality
o Economic status
 “Small family, happy family”
o Family planning education, better access to health care and contraceptives
o Establishment of women’s clubs
o Female literacy, education, skills development, and economic self reliance
India: Discouraging Growth
 Despite gains in the status of women and in family planning awareness, success is
yet to be determined
o 1970s forced sterilization in the poorest areas; violated human rights;
1996-changed policies and methods
o Cultural importance of having a son; many in rural areas continued to have
children until a son was born
o Disparity in male/female populations; status of female babies lower;
infanticide, neglect, abortion
Controlling Population Growth:
 China
o Contraceptive use among married women (ages 15-49) 90%
o IUD (intrauterine device) 39.6%
o Pill 1.7%
o Condom 4.3%
o Female sterilization 33%
o Male sterilization 6.9%
 India
o Contraceptive use among married women (ages 15-49) 56%
o IUD (intrauterine device)1.7%
o Pill 3.1%
o Condom 5.2
o Female sterilization 37.3%
o Male sterilization 1%
Section Review:
 Developing countries
o Rapid population growth resulted in overwhelmingly young populations
o China and India examples
 Two of the most populous countries in the world
o Have established services, fines and policies to help limit population
growth
 India
o Focus on improving skills and education of women