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Name_____________ Science 8 Date______________ Microorganisms and Immune System Review Assignment – Test date is ________________ - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Please answer on separate piece of paper (point form is fine) What is a microorganism? Organism that can only be seen using a microscope What is a microbe cloud? Group of microorganisms that live on the human body and are beneficial What is a probiotic? A helpful bacteria in the human digestive tract Complete the following table Kingdom Protista Examples amoeba and plasmodium Bacteria Tetanus and bubonic plague Benefits Part of the food chain and some can produce oxygen Microbe cloud and probiotics Diseases Amoebic dysentery and malaria Tetanus, bubonic plague, salmonella, E. Coli AIDS and Ebola Virus (not a HIV, Ebola Virus None that we living thing) discussed in class Why are viruses considered to be non-living: they cannot reproduce without a host cell, do not require energy, do not grow How do viruses reproduce? – 1. Insert their DNA or RNA into a host cell or trick the host cell into letting it go inside of the cell. Cell starts to reproduce viral DNA/RNA and build new virus copies 3. New viral copies erupt out of cell and go on to infect other host cells What is an antibiotic? A chemical that kills bacteria cells but not human cells What are the four methods of transmitting diseases? Direct contact, indirect contact, through water and food, and through animal bites For each of the descriptions below describe the type of transmission method that could have led to contracting an infectious disease. (a) You are at a barbeque party and become ill from eating undercooked meat. Eating undercooked meats would be transmission through water and food. Cooking normally kills this bacteria in food (b) While on a hiking trip your friend is bitten by a small animal. The next day he becomes ill. Transmitted diseases such as rabies or tetanus. The teeth penetrate the skin carrying the pathogens with them to deeper tissue layers (c) At a movie, the person behind you seems to be sneezing every five minutes. A couple of days later you develop a cold. Transmitted the disease to you by indirect contact. A sneeze combined with air currents could carry the pathogen up to 5m. You probably breathed in the virus (d) At the end of a soccer game, you shake hands with the other team. A few Name_____________ Science 8 Date______________ days later you become ill. Infected you by direct contact. The pathogen was transmitted from hand to hand. You may them have transferred the virus to your nose if you rubbed it, or perhaps to some food that you later ate 10. How is sweat part of the immune system? Sweat is slightly acidic and creates an environment that prevents the growth of some pathogens 1. What is the difference between a pathogen and a phagocyte? A pathogen is a disease-causing organism or substance. A phagocyte is a white blood cell that consumes pathogens 2. Describe the process of inflammation. The inflammation response involves the circulatory system delivering fluid, cells, and dissolved substances to an area once an infection has been identified. This causes swelling and redness at the site plus an elevated temperature 3. Explain the difference between an innate response and an acquired response. The innate immune response is a general defense against a pathogen. The pathogen does not have to be recognized as a particular disease, only as an invading cell or chemical, response involves the action of phagocytes. The acquired immune response is a defense against a particular disease such as chicken pox, the person mounting this defense must possess cells that recognize the invading pathogen 4. What is an antibody? An antibody is a specific particle carried by B cells that is designed to fight antigens. Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen 5. What is an antigen? An antigen is a non-living particle of molecule that your body does not recognize as being part of itself. An antigen could be a molecule on the cell membrane, a bacteria or an object such as a splinter 6. Summarize the function of a B cell. B cells recognize the antigen and then produce antibodies to fight against it. The antibodies may coat the pathogen, preventing it from invading body cells or flag it or consumption by phagocytes 7. Compare a helper T cell with a killer T cell. The helper T cells recognize the antigens and activate the B cells, while the killer T cells destroy body cells that have been infected by the pathogen 8. What is active immunity? Active immunity occurs when your body remembers though memory B cells, the pathogen that has attacked it before, The body can now fight off the pathogen before you show or feel any symptoms of the infection Understanding Key Ideas 9. What is the difference between the first and second lines of defense in the immune system? The first line of defense provides a barrier that prevents the pathogen from entering the body. The second line of defense is made up of phagocytes or antibody producing cells that are designed to attack the pathogen once it is already in the body 10. How does a B cell tell the difference between an invader cell and a body cell? Each antibody has a specific antigen binding site. Cells in our tissues do not have molecules that match binding sites. Therefore, B cells will not attack them 11. When you are sick, why does the number of white blood cells in your body increase? When you suffer from illness, the body produces more white blood cells to fight off the pathogen Name_____________ Science 8 Date______________ 12. What is the importance of the body keeping memory B cells if the antigen the cells remember is no longer present? Memory B cells carry a record of the antigen. When that antigen enters the body again, the memory B cells activate the immune response. This is called active immunity 13. You go to the doctor feeling very tired and run down. The doctor takes a blood sample for tests and checks your vital signs such as blood pressure, breathing, and pulse. Later, you receive a call from your doctor and she says you have an infection. What did the blood tests reveal about the number of white blood cells present in your blood? The number of white blood cells increases when your body has been invaded by a pathogen 14. Using your understanding of how infectious diseases can be transmitted, explain why schools can have a large number of students absent due to illness at the same time. In schools there are a number of students in close proximity. One coughing student can spread a pathogen throughout most of an average-sized classroom. In addition, students often share food or touch objects that are then handled by other students 15. Where in your body are there bacteria that the immune system does not attack? The large intestine harbors a number of bacteria that produce useful substances. The immune system does not attack these bacteria 16. Outline how Mary Montagu discovered a vaccine for smallpox. When Montagu was travelling through Turkey, she noticed women making a small scratch on their children’s arms, then adding a small droplet of pus from a patient who had a mild case of smallpox. This procedure seemed to protect the children from the more extreme symptoms of the disease 17. Describe the symptoms of an allergic reaction. The symptoms of an allergy can range from a runny nose to anaphylactic shock 18. What is a vaccine? A vaccine is a special version of an antigen that gives you immunity against the disease 19. Where does the word “vaccine” come from? The word “vaccine” is derived from the Latin word vacca which means cow 20. Why does a vaccine have to be a specially prepared version of a disease pathogen? The vaccine should provide immunity without giving the recipient the major symptoms of the disease. Therefore, most modern vaccines are based on antigens that are found on the surface of the virus and do not include the virus’s genetic material. Older vaccines used weaker variants of the pathogen that sometimes resulted in the patient coming down with a weaker version of the disease. Both forms of vaccines have to be specially prepared 21. What is a vaccine’s booster shot? Booster shots are given to prolong immunity 22. What is the effect of an antihistamine? Antihistamines reduce the symptoms caused by histamines. These symptoms include runny nose and watery eyes 23. Describe how an allergy is different from an allergen. An allergy is an unusually high sensitivity to some substance. An allergen is any substance that causes an allergic reaction 24. What is an adrenaline auto-injector (EPI pen) and how is it used? Some individuals can go into anaphylactic shock when exposed to a particular allergen. Adrenaline can counter the body’s response to the allergen, preventing anaphylactic shock. The auto-injector is usually used on the thigh and automatically injects adrenaline 25. Explain the difference between AIDS and HIV? HIV is the virus that attacks the immune system by infecting helper T cells. Since the immune system is compromised, infected individuals are susceptible to a variety of secondary Name_____________ Science 8 Date______________ infections. Once the immune system has been compromised, the individual is said to have AIDS. HIV is the cause of AIDS 26. For each of the seven things you can do to protect your immune system, describe one specific action you could take. Eat a well-balanced diet. Wash your hands frequently. Keep your home clean. You could increase your daily intake of vegetables while reducing the amount of fast food that you eat. Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds to ensure that they are clean. Wash your hands before eating. Vacuum your house frequently. Washing surfaces in the washroom with disinfectants more often. Avoid second-hand smoke by avoiding areas where people are likely to smoke. Ask people around you not to smoke if you have to work in that area 27. Why was observing an important skill for Edward Jenner to have? If Jenner had not observed that people who milked cows seemed to be immune to smallpox, he would never have seen the connection between smallpox and cowpox 28. For each set of terms below, explain the relationship that exists between the terms. (a) Montagu, Jenner Jenner and Montagu both observed that by infecting people with less virulent variants of smallpox, they could protect them against the deadly disease (b) vaccine, antigen A vaccine is a special form of the antigen that allows your immune system to develop resistance to the disease (c) allergy, allergen An allergy is an immune response an individual has to a substance called an allergen. The allergen does not stimulate the immune system of most people (d) AIDS, HIV HIV is the virus that results in AIDS. The virus attacks helper T cells, seriously compromising the immune system 29. If vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies to defeat antigens, why do some vaccines need a booster shot? Vaccines will result in the production of memory B cells. These cells may have a limited life span in your body. A booster shot would cause more of these memory B cells to be produced and extend your immunity to the disease 30. People infected with HIV may die from other causes. Why? HIV invades helper T cells. Helper T cells activate B cells that produce infection fighting antibodies. Without helper T cells, the defense offered by the B cells is seriously compromised. Pathogens normally attacked by antibodies can now infect AIDS patients with little interference 31. How is HIV transmitted? HIV can be transmitted by blood or semen. Typical behaviours resulting in infection are having unprotected sex with an infected individual or sharing needles with an infected person