Download 1- Overview - Moodle Lille 2

Biological agents that might be used as
weapons of Bioterrorism
Example of Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis
Ramatoulaye BARRY
M2 AREIPS
November 15th 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I- Bioterrorism
1- Overview
2- Categorisation
II- Regulation
1- In Europe : Guidance document on use of medicinal products for the treatment and
prophylaxis of biological agents that might be used as weapons of bioterrorism
2- In USA : The Bioterrorism Act
III- Example of Anthrax
1- Overview
2- Context
3- Recommendations
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I- BIOTERRORISM
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1- Overview
A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or
other germs used to cause illness or death
in people, animals, or plants
Biological agents :
-
found in nature
spread through the air, through water, or in food
could be changed
extremely difficult to detect
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2- Categorisation
Three categories, depending on:
-
How easily they can be spread
The severity of illness they cause
Two classifications:
-
The EMA Categorisation
-
The CDC Categorisation
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2- Categorisation
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
= the leading national public health institute of the United States
☛ To protect public health and safety through the control and
prevention of disease
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2- Categorisation
CDC Categorisation
Category A: The highest priority
-
easily spread or transmitted
high death rates
public panic
special action for public health preparedness
Examples: Anthrax and Smallpox virus
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2- Categorisation
CDC Categories
Category B: The 2nd highest priority
-
moderately easy to spread
moderate illness rates and low death rates
specific enhancements of CDC's laboratory capacity
and enhanced disease monitoring
Example: Brucellosis
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2- Categorisation
CDC Categories
Category C: The 3rd highest priority
Emerging pathogens
-
easily available
easily produced and spread
high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact
Example: H1N1
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II- REGULATION
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1- In Europe
Guidance document on use of medicinal products
for the treatment and prophylaxis of biological agents
that might be used as weapons of bioterrorism
= a guidance document on the use of medicinal products for treatment and
prophylaxis of biological agents that might be used as weapons of bioterrorism
http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline/2010/01/WC500049399.pdf
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2- In the US
The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of
2002:
the Bioterrorism Act
The events of Sept. 11, 2001: need to enhance the security of the United States
Signed by President BUSH into law June 12, 2002
Divided into 5 titles :
- Title I: National Preparedness for Bioterrorism and Other Public Health Emergencies
- Title II: Enhancing Controls on Dangerous Biological Agents and Toxins
- Title III: Protecting Safety and Security of Food and Drug Supply
- Title IV: Drinking Water Security and Safety
- Title V: Additional Provisions
http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148797.htm
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III- Example of Anthrax
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1- Overview
A serious infectious disease
Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria : Bacillus anthracis
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1- Overview
Different types of Anthrax:
All type of Anthrax
can cause death
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1- Overview
Focus on Inhalation Anthrax
Symptoms
- Fever
- Chills
- Drenching sweats
- Profound fatigue
- Minimally productive cough
- Nausea or vomiting
- Chest discomfort
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2- Context
The 2001 Anthrax attacks/ Amerithrax
-
Concentrated anthrax spores were used for bioterrorism
in the United States
-
Delivered by mailing postal letters
containing the spores
One week after the September 11 attacks
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3- Recommendations
EU Guidance on the use of medicines
for the treatment and prevention of biological agents
Ciprofloxacine :
- First line treatment
- First line prophylaxis
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3- Recommendations
- Treatment
Ciprofloxaxine : 400 mg iv twice daily
followed by 500 mg orally twice daily
Duration : 60 days
- Prophylaxis
Ciprofloxacine: 500 mg orally twice daily
Duration : 60 days
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To conclude
Bioterrorism: A concerning threat
In Europe: Difficulty to harmonise advices
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Thank you !
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Bibliography
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/special_topics/general/general_content_000248.jsp&
mid=WC0b01ac05800533a5
http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline/2010/01/
WC500049399.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148797.htm
https://emergency.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/overview.asp
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