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Unit 1: 1491-1607 A New World of Many Cultures Created by: Ellie Dinsmore AP US History 2013-14 Mr. Hoefler’s Teacher’s Aide 2014-15 Original Settlers in the Americas • First people in North and South America came at least 10,000 years before Columbus • Probably from Asia -> crossed on land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska (now covered by water) • Over time, dispersed to all corners of continent • Estimates of native population by 1490 = appx 50-100 million people Cultures of Central and South America • Native pop. concentrated in three highly developed areas: • Mayans on Yucatan Peninsula • Aztecs in central Mexico (Tenochtitlan as capital, with population equivalent to largest European cities) • Incas in Peru -> vast empire • Highly organized societies -> trade, scientifically accurate calendars, stable food supply (corn for Mayans and Aztecs, potatoes for Incas) Cultures of North America • Natives societies smaller and less sophisticated than those of Central/South America -> b/c slow northward spread of corn cultivation from Mexico • A lot of societies disappeared by 15th century -> unclear why • By time of Columbus, most lived in semipermanent settlements in small groups ( > 300 people) • Men -> making tools , hunting for game • Women -> gathered plants and nuts, grew crops such as corn, beans, and tobacco Cultures of North America: Language • More than 20 diverse types of language families* • Algonquian in Northeast, Siouan on Great Plains, Athabaskan in Southwest • Together these 20 families included more than 400 languages *language family- group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, i.e. English is part of Indo-European family Cultures of North America Southwest Settlements • Southwest = region that now includes Arizona and New Mexico • Farming with irrigation systems -> arid land • Lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multistoried buildings -> used stone and masonry • Faced challenges such as extreme droughts and other hostile natives • i.e. the Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos Northwest Settlements • Along Pacific coast -> Alaska to northern California • Lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses • Hunting, fishing gathering nuts, berries and roots • Recorded stories on carved totem poles • High mountain ranges -> isolated tribes and created barriers to development Cultures of North America Great Plains Settlements Midwest Settlements • Nomadic hunters -> buffalo, lived in tepees, • Sedentary farmers & traders -> permanent earthen lodges along rivers, grew corn, beans and squash, trade • Didn’t get horses until 17th cent. • Migration = common • i.e. Apaches and Lakota Sioux • East of Mississippi River -> “Woodland American Indians” • Rich food supply -> hunting, fishing and agriculture • Permanent settlements (especially in Mississippi & Ohio River Valleys) • One of largest settlements = Cahokia • Adena-Hopewell -> woodland mound builders Cultures of North America Northeast Settlements • Hunting and farming -> farming techniques quickly exhausted soil • Iroquois Confederation- political union between 5 independent tribes in NY • Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, & Mohawk • Multiple families related thru mother lived in longhouses Atlantic Seaboard Settlements • New Jersey south to Florida • “Coastal Plains” • Timber and bark lodgings along rivers • Rivers and Atlantic ocean = rich source of food Europe Moves Toward Exploration • Improvements in technology -> Renaissance (rebirth of classical learning) -> gunpowder, printing press, sailing compass, improvements in ship building and mapmaking • Religious conflict -> Roman Catholic Spain pushed Moors out of Europe, funded Columbus’ journey -> all signaled new leadership, hope, and power for RC Europeans • Protestant Reformation -> “Church of England” split from Roman Catholic church -> added religious motive for exploration and colonization Protestant: Blue Roman Catholic: Olive Islamic: Red Expanding Trade • Needed to find new routes b/c Ottoman Turks seized control of Middle East • Either go south along African coast or west across Atlantic Ocean • Portuguese went south -> Vasco de Gama first to India • 15th cent -> Portuguese started slave trade of W. Africans to use on sugar plantations -> very profitable • Africans resisted slavery -> ran away, sabotaged work, revolted -> held on to their culture (music, religion, folkways) • Developing nation-states -> countries in which majority of people shared common culture and loyalty to central government (i.e. Spain, France) • Depended on trade for revenue, church to justify right to rule • Used power to search for riches and spread Christianity (esp. overseas) • Henry the Navigator of Portugal Early Explorations • 1492- Columbus gets financial backing from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain -> landed in Bahamas -> didn’t find valuable trade route to Indies • His voyages brought about permanent interaction between people from all over the globe • Columbian Exchange – transfer of plants, animals and germs from both sides of Atlantic -> disease killed millions • Spain and Portugal disagreed of who got lands -> Pope drew line of demarcation (which was later moved a little by Treaty of Tordesillas) -> Spain = west, Portugal = east Early Explorations cont’d. • Spanish dominance in New World -> power of conquistadores (i.e. conquest of Aztecs by Hernando Cortes, conquest of Incas by Francisco Pizarro) • Increased gold supply by 500% -> Spain = richest and most powerful European country • Encomienda system – Spanish king gives land grants and native fruits to individual Spaniards, Indians had to work as slaves on farms • Asiento system -> Spanish had to pay tax to king on each slave they imported to Americas • English claims -> based on voyages of John Cabot -> didn’t really do anything in 15th century b/c of religious drama (breaking away from Roman Catholic Church) Early Exploration cont’d. • England’s Roanoke Island colony venture literally disappeared • French claims based on Jaques Cartier’s voyages -> slow to develop colonies b/c of conflict with Huguenots • First permanent French settlement = Quebec in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain • French explored and claimed Louisiana territory in late 1600s • Dutch explorer Henry Hudson = Hudson River -> surrounding area became New Amsterdam (later New York) -> controlled by Dutch West India Company Spanish Settlements in North America • Florida- hostile natives and multiple failures, eventually established St. Augustine in 1565 • New Mexico- Santa Fe est. as capital in 1610, harsh efforts to Christianize natives lead to Pueblo revolts, Spanish driven from area until 1680 • Texas- attempted to resist French expansion down Mississippi River • California- San Diego and San Francisco est. 1769 in response to Russian exploration of Alaska, series of “missions” (settlements) along coast by Franciscan order (religious) European Treatment of Natives • Viewed natives as inferior people to be exploited for economic gain, converted to Christianity, or used as military allies • Spanish Policy- natives died of disease or were forced into slavery, a lot of intermarriage, rigid class system dominated by pure-blood Spaniards • Bartolome de Las Casas- advocate for better treatment of Indians, got king to make New Laws of 1542- ended Indian slavery/forced labor, economienda system • Valladolid Debate- Las Casas (above) vs Juan Gines de Sepulveda (Indians less than human) • English Policy- initially, coexisted, traded and shared ideas, soon gave way to conflict and open warfare • English viewed Indians as “savage,” Indians saw way of life threatened • Took native lands -> made Indians leave instead of making them slaves European Treatment of Natives cont’d. • French Policy- maintained good relations, built trading posts to control fur trade -> traded with Indians • Few colonies meant French were less of a threat to natives • Native American Reaction- no unified response b/c saw themselves as distinct groups • Initially, goods such as copper pots and guns motivated Indians to trade • Violence and disease decimated native pop. • Some allied with one European power or another • Some migrated to new land