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ESTILL COUNTY CURRICULUM MAP 10th Grade Biology WEEKS 2 WEEKS ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are the four characteristics of life? TOPIC Biology: The Study of Life What are the stages of the scientific process? What impact does scientific research have on the environment and society? What are the limitations to science? 3 WEEKS What is a biotic and abiotic factor? Ecology What are the three types of symbiotic relationships? What is an ecosystem? How does energy flow in ecosystems? How do materials cycle in ecosystems? How do populations grown and disperse? How do populations evolve? LEARNING OBJECTIVES Control Hypothesis Inference Observation Data Experimental group Scientific Method Independent Variable Dependent Variable Constant 1.Relate the four characteristics of life to a living organism. 2. Evaluate the impact of scientific research on the environment and society. 3. Describe the stages common to scientific investigations. 4. Distinguish between forming a hypothesis and making a prediction. 5. Differentiate a control group from an experimental group and an independent variable from a dependent variable. 6. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative research. 7. Define the word theory as used by a scientist. 8. Describe the limitations to science. Ecosystems: Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism 10% rule Matter Carnivores Herbivores Decomposers Food pyramid Carrying capacity Predation Succession Communities Populations Ecosystems Diversity Abiotic factor Biotic factor Biome Biosphere What is a habitat? What is a niche? 1 WEEK CONTENT (Terminology) Biology and You: Ecology 1.Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors. 2. Distinguish habitat versus niche. 3. Distinguish the three types of symbiotic relationships 4. Differentiate between a population, community, and ecosystem. 5. Distinguish between producers and consumers. 6. Compare food webs with food chains. 7. Describe why food chains are rarely longer than three or four links. 8. Summarize the role of plants in the water cycle. 9. Analyze the flow of energy through the carbon cycle. 10. Identify the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle. 11. Sequence the process of succession. Populations: Biomass Food web Climax community Limiting Community Primary Succession Secondary Succession Estuary 1. Distinguish among the three patterns of dispersion in a population. 2. Contrast exponential growth and logistic growth. 3. Differentiate r-strategists from kstrategists. 4. Summarize the Hardy-Weinberg STANDARDS ASSESSMENT A.1.a-f A.2.a-c A.3.a-h A.4.a-d 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam F.1.a-m 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam F.1.a-m 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 1 Extinction Carrying capacity Exponential growth Logistic growth 3 WEEKS What is the difference between an atom and an element? The Life of a Cell Chemistry of Life: l Atom Nucleus Proton Nucleus Neutron Electron Valence Electrons Element Isotope Compound Covalent & Ionic bonds Ion Chemical reactions Products Catalyst Enzyme Substrate Active site Polar molecule Hydrogen bonds Mixture Solution Solute Acid Base pH Buffer Cell Structure: How can you distinguish an acid from a base? What are the components of DNA and RNA? What is the function of ATP? 3 WEEKS What do scientists use to visualize cells? What are the three parts of the cell theory? Why do cells need to be relatively small? What are cell membranes composed of? What role does a nucleus play in cellular activities? Cell Cell Theory Plasma membrane Organelle Eukaryotic cell Nucleus Prokaryotic cells Cytoplasm Ribosome Cytoskeleton Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Vacuole Lysosome Centriole Mitochondria Chloroplast principle. 5. Describe the five forces that cause genetic change in a population. 6. Identify why selection against unfavorable recessive alleles is slow. 7. Contrast directional and stabilizing selection. A.5.a-j 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Group/Take home Exam. B.1.a-d 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam 6. Group Work 1. Differentiate between atoms and elements. 2. Analyze how compounds are formed. 3. Distinguish between covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds. 4. Analyze the properties of water. 5. Describe how water dissolves substances. 6. Distinguish between acids and bases. 7. Summarize the characteristics of organic compounds. 8. Compare the structures and function of different types of biomolecules. 9. Describe the components of DNA and RNA. 10. State the main role of ATP in cells. 11. Evaluate the importance of energy to living things. 12. Relate energy and chemical reactions. 13. Describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions. 14. Identify the effect of enzymes on food molecules. 1. Describe how scientists measure the length of objects. 2. Relate magnification and resolution in the use of microscopes. 3. Analyze how light microscopes function. 4. Compare light microscopes with electron microscopes. 5. Describe the scanning tunneling microscope. 6. List the three parts of the cell theory. 7. Determine why cells must be relatively small. 8. Compare the structure of prokaryotic cells with that of eukaryotic cells. 9. Describe the structure of cell membranes. 10. Describe the role of the nucleus in cell activities. 11. Analyze the role of internal membranes 2 Cell Wall Cilium Flagellum 1 WEEK How does passive transport differ from active transport? Cells and Their Environment: Selective permeable Phospholipid Bilayer Transport protein Fluid mosaic model Diffusion Osmosis Dynamic equilibrium Facilitated Diffusion Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis 2 WEEKS How does the metabolism of autotrophs compare with that of heterotrophs? What role does ATP play in metabolism? Where does photosynthesis take place in plants? What three environmental factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis? 2 WEEKS What is the difference between a gene, a DNA in protein production. 12. Summarize the importance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. 13. Identify three structures in plant cells that are absent from animal cells. Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction: 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam B.1.h-i 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam B.1.j 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 1. Relate concentration gradients, diffusion, and equilibrium. 2. Predict the direction of water movement into and out of cells. 3. Describe the importance of ion channels in passive transport. 4. Identify the role of carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion. 5. Compare active transport with passive transport. 6. Describe the importance of the sodiumpotassium pump. 7. Distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosis. 8. Identify three ways that receptor proteins can change the activity of a cell. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Chloroplast Chlorophyll Thylakoid Granum Stroma Stomata Pigment Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Rea. NADP+ Calvin Cycle Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Fermentations B.1.e-g 1. Analyze the flow of energy through living systems. 2. Compare the metabolism of autotrophs with that of heterotrophs. 3. Describe the role of ATP in metabolism. 4. Describe how energy is released from ATP. 5. Summarize how energy is captured from sunlight in the first stage of photosynthesis. 6. Analyze the function of electron transport chains in the second stage of photosynthesis. 7. Relate the Calvin cycle to carbon dioxide fixation in the third stage of photosynthesis. 8. Identify three environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. 9. Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration. 10. Describe how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration. 11. Identify the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration. 12. Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration. 3 molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid? Cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis Chromosomes Chromatin Chromatid Centromere Centrosome Prophase Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Cleavage Furrow Cell Plate Cancer Tumor How do haploid and diploid cells differ? What are the five phases of the cell cycle? What are the four stages of mitosis? 2 WEEKS What are the stages of meiosis? What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? Principles of Genetics 1. Identify four examples of cell division in eukaryotes and one example in prokaryotes. 2. Differentiate between a gene, a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid. 3. Differentiate between homologous chromosomes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes. 4. Compare haploid and diploid cells. 5. Predict how changes in chromosome number of structure can affect development. 6. Identify the major events that characterize each of the five phases of the cell cycle. 7. Describe how the cell cycle is controlled in eukaryotic cells. 8. Relate the role of the cell cycle to the onset of cancer. 9. Describe the structure and function of the spindle during mitosis. 10. Summarize the events of the four stages of mitosis. 11. Differentiate cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction: GAMETE ZYGOTE DIPLOID HAPLOID HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES CROSSING-OVER INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT FERTILIZATION LIFE CYCLE SPERM EGG SEXUAL PARTHENOGENESIS SOMATIC CELLS GERM CELLS AUTOSOMES SEX CHROMOSOMES VARIATION MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam C.1.f 1. Summarize the events that occur during meiosis. 2. Relate crossing-over, independent assortment, and random fertilization to genetic variation. 3. Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis. 4. Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction. 5. Identify three types of asexual reproduction. 6. Evaluate the relative genetic and evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction. 7. Differentiate between the three major sexual life cycles found in eukaryotes. 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam 4 TELOPHASE II REDUCTION DIVISION TETRAD INTERPHASE 3 WEEKS Who is the father of heredity? Why is a garden pea a good subject for genetic study? What is the difference between a Punnett square and a test cross? What five factors influence patterns of heredity? Why do mutations cause genetic disorders? Mendel and Heredity: Trait Phenotype Genetics Genotype Purebred Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Recessive Law of segregation Independent Assortment Probability Test cross Genetic linkage Carrier Sex-linked Pedigree What are some examples of genetic disorders? 2 WEEKS What is the basic building block of DNA? What three components make up a nucleotide? How does DNA replicate? 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam C.1.b 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam 1. Identify the investigator whose studies formed the basis of modern genetics. 2. List characteristics that make the garden pea a good subject for genetic study. 3. Summarize the three major steps of Gregor Mendel’s garden pea experiment. 4. Relate the ratios that Mendel observed in his crosses to his data. 5. Describe the four major hypotheses Mendel developed. 6. Define the terms homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype. 7. Compare Mendel’s two laws of heredity. 8. Predict the results of monohybrid genetic crosses by using Punnett squares. 9. Apply a test cross to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. 10. Predict the results of monohybrid genetic crosses by using probabilities. 11. Analyze a simple pedigree. 12. Identify five factors that influence patterns of heredity. 13. Describe how mutations can cause genetic disorders. 14. List two genetic disorders, and describe their causes and symptoms. 15. Evaluate the benefits of genetic counseling. DNA: The Genetic Material: Nucleotide Double helix Base pair Replication DNA polymerase Central dogma Mutation Helicase C.1.g-n 1. Relate Griffith’s conclusions to the observations he made during the transformation experiments. 2. Summarize the steps involved in Avery’s transformation experiments, and state the results. 3. Evaluate the results of the Hershey and Chase experiment. 4. Describe the three components of a nucleotide. 5. Develop a model of the structure of a DNA molecule. 6. Evaluate the contributions of Chargaff, Franklin, and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick determine the double-helical 5 structure of DNA. 7. Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA. 8. Summarize the process of DNA replication. 9. Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication. 10. Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA. 1 WEEK How Proteins Are Made: Transcription Translation Codon Anti-Codon mRNA tRNA rRNA Ribosome Protein Synthesis Nucleolus 2 WEEKS How can the Earth’s age be determined? What is the difference between unicellularity and multicellularity? How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? Principles of Evolution How have mass extinctions affected the evolution of life on land? Which animals lived on land first? 1 WEEK What observations led Darwin to conclude that The Theory of Evolution: 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam D.1.a-f 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam D.1.g-n 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 1. Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. 2. Summarize the process of transcription. 3. Relate the role of codons to the sequence of amino acids that results after translation. 4. Outline the major steps of translation. 5. Discuss the evolutionary significance of the genetic code. 6. Describe how the lac operon is turned on or off. 7. Summarize the role of transcription factors in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. 8. Describe how eukaryotic genes are organized. 9. Evaluate three ways that point mutations can alter genetic material. History of Life on Earth: Adaption Variation Fitness Artificial selection Natural selection Vestigial structure Analogous structure C.1.a,c-e 1. Summarize how radioisotopes can be used in determining Earth’s age. 2. Compare two models that describe how the chemicals of life originated. 3. Describe how cellular organization might have begun. 4. Recognize the importance that a mechanism for heredity has to the development of life. 5. Distinguish between the two groups of prokaryotes. 6. Describe the evolution of eukaryotes. 7. Recognize an evolutionary advance first seen in protists. 8. Summarize how mass extinctions have affected the evolution of life on Earth. 9. Relate the development of ozone to the adaptation of life to the land. 10. Identify the first multicellular organisms to live on land. 11. Name the first animals to live on land. 12. List the first vertebrates to leave the oceans. 6 species evolve? What is natural selection? 2 WEEKS Who is Carl Linnaeus? What are the seven levels of biological classification? What characteristics do biologist use to classify organisms? Cyanobacteria Endosymbiosis Microevolution Macroevolution Gene flow Coevolution 1. Identify several observations that led Darwin to conclude that species evolve. 2. Relate the process of natural selection to its outcome. 3. Summarize the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection as it is stated today. 4. Contrast the gradualism and punctuated equilibrium models of evolution. 5. Describe how the fossil record supports evolution. 6. Summarize how biological molecules such as proteins and DNA are used as evidence of evolution. 7. Infer how comparing the anatomy and development of living species provided evidence of evolution. 8. Identify four elements in the process of natural selection. 9. Describe how natural selection has affected the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. 10. Relate natural selection to the beak size of finches. 11. Summarize the process of species formation. Classification of Organisms: Binominal nomenclature Classification Division Order Phylum Taxon Character Cladogram Phylogeny Archaea Eubacteria Domain 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam E.3.a-g 1. Describe Linnaeus’s role in developing the modern system of naming organisms. 2. Summarize the scientific system for naming a species. 3. List the seven levels of biological classification. 4. List the characteristics that biologists use to classify organisms. 5. Summarize the biological species concept. 6. Relate analogous structures to convergent evolution. 7. Describe how biologists use cladograms to determine evolutionary histories. 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam 7 1 WEEK What do plants need to survive? Plant Systems Cuticle Spore Sporophyte Gametophyte Archegonium Antheridium Sporangium Rhizome Frond Sorus Gymnosperm Angiosperm Ovule Seed Pollen Grain Pollination Monocot Cotyledon Dicot Stamen Anther Pistil Fruit Dermal Tissue Vascular Tissue Ground Tissue Stoma Guard Cell Xylem Phloem How did plants adapt to life on land? What features defines most plant life cycles? What are the characteristics of green algae? Why is vascular tissue important? What adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without standing water? What are key features of angiosperm? 1 WEEKS How do viruses cause disease? How do viruses reproduce? What happens after a virus infects a cell? Plant Systems: Microbes Viruses: Virus Capsid Bacteriophage Lytic Infection Lysogenic Infection Prophage Retrovirus Prion Vaccine 1. Describe the basic mechanics of plant processes, especially the movement of material in plant reproduction. 2. Explain the functions of unique plant structures. 3. Explain the interaction between pigments, absorption of light, and reflection of light. 4. Design and conduct an experiment demonstrating the effects of environmental factors on a plant. 1. 2. 3. Distinguish between and among viruses, bacteria, and protest, and give examples of each Summarize, represent, and interpret data, and compare and contrast findings related to viruses and prokaryotes. Use models to demonstrate how the structures of viruses, protist, fungi, and prokaryotes affect their function E.2.a-c,f 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam E.3.e LS1.A 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam 8 1 WEEK How do bacteria cause disease? Why are emerging diseases particularly threatening to human health? What roles do prokaryotes play in the living world? Bacteria: 1. Prokaryote Bacillus Coccus Spirillum Binary Fission Endospore Conjugation Pathogen Antibiotic 2. Protista and Fungi: 1. 3. 4. How do prokaryotes vary in their structure and function? 1 WEEK How are prokaryotes classified? What are the basic characteristics of fungi? How do fungi affect homeostasis in other organism and the environment? What are the ecological significance of photosynthetic protists? What types of symbiotic relationships involve protists? Pseudopod Flagellum Spore Sporangium Algal Bloom Plasmodium Chitin Hypha Fruiting Body Mycelium Lichen Mycorrhiza 2. 3. Discuss the role of beneficial bacteria. Distinguish between and among viruses, bacteria, and protest, and give examples of each. Summarize, represent, and interpret data, and compare and contrast findings related to viruses and prokaryotes. Use models to demonstrate how the structures of viruses, protist, fungi, and prokaryotes affect their function E.3.e F.1.c LS1.A 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam Distinguish between and among viruses, bacteria, and protest, and give examples of each Explain classification criteria for fungi. Use models to demonstrate how the structures of viruses, protist, fungi, and prokaryotes affect their function E.3.e-f LS1.A 1. Class discussion 2. Daily work 3. Quiz 4. Lab 5. Exam How do heterotrophic protest obtain food? How are protists related to other eukaryotes? Key 1st Trimester 2nd Trimester 3rd Trimester 9