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Chapter 3 “The Tigris and Euphrates Valley” Lesson 1: Civilization in Sumer Advances in Farming p. 92-93 Needed to produce huge amounts of food to feed growing population. This led to new innovations. 1. Irrigation Built canals to bring water to crops Use excess water stored in reservoirs and man made lakes 2. Preventing Floods and Drought Build dikes Build reservoirs and man made lakes Use water from reservoirs to water crops 3. Division of Labor Cultivate the land Planting Harvesting Threshing Storing Distributing 4. Transportation Wheeled carts (first people to use!) Harnessed donkeys Other domesticated animals to pull carts Government in Sumer p. 94-95 Monarchy- each city-sate had its own ruler. King held absolute authority. o Led the military, arranged trade, settled arguments, direct public events and religious ceremonies. o Believed to have been chosen by gods Created world’s first bureaucracy o Most were priests/religious leaders o Chose and made lands for farming & distributed food to people in the cities Absolute Ruler Benefits Make decisions quickly without discussion and debate Drawbacks People have no voice in important matters Passes laws or settles arguments to benefit family, friends, himself Abuse power Writing and Other Innovations p. 95-96 1. Writing Because government officials wanted to keep records of food production and distribution writing was invented 1st there was picture writing Then there was wedged shape writing Cuneiform- symbols Used clay since it was easy to write on, soft, and widely available 2. Measuring System Standard unit for measuring land (acre) Basic measure for volume (quart) Time (calendar) 3. Potters Wheel Bowls, vases, jars from clay 4. Sailboat Travel 5. Bronze Tools and weapons Divisions of Society p. 96-97 Highly organized Divided into three social classes Sumerian Social Classes Ruling Middle Few people, including Most people: the following and Lower-level their families: gov’t officials King Craft-workers Important Farming gov’t officials supervisors Priests Merchants Warriors Doctors Bricklayers Working Slaves Farm-workers Lesson 2: Conquests and Empire Building Big Idea: Many of the methods used in Mesopotamia to gain and keep an empire would be used by other leaders throughout world history. Sargon the Great p. 98-99 Leader from central Mesopotamia who conquered Sumer and surrounding areas Created world’s first empire Ordered boundary pillars and city walls to be brought down Empire ruled from capital city of Akkad o Lands became known as Akkadian Empire Maintained rule by using force of army and organized government o Created standing army o Created bureaucracy Ruled for 56 years Empire lasted 200 years after his death How did the Akkadian Empire begin? The Rise of Babylon p.100 In 2125 B.C. leaders in Sumerian city-state of Ur rebelled against Akkadian rule ending the empire. In 1900 B.C. Amorites gained control of southern and central Mesopotamia o Called empire the Babylonian Empire o Created a system of taxation Who were the Amorites? The Code of Hammurabi p.101-102 An important innovation was their centralized government In 1790 B.C. most important set of laws in the Babylonian Empire written o Called Code of Hammurabi- written by monarch Hammurabi Based on old collection of Akkadia and Sumerian laws Consisted of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life Introduced “eye for an eye justice” Laws warned lawbreakers of consequences Hammurabi: o Ended wars o Made people more prosperous o Kept the people of Sumer and Akkad safe o Wrote and displayed his laws o Provided justice for the wronged The Hittites and the Kassites p.102-103 In 1600 B.C. the Babylonian Empire had fallen Mesopotamia conquered by people from north and east known as Kassites o Ruled until 1000 BC o Tried unsuccessfully to take over Babylon o Powerful group called Hittites attacked Babylon Used chariots and advanced weapons o When they left Kassites conquered Babylon Ruler Sargon How Gained Power Served in army of Kish Killed the king of Kish in battle Gathered his own army and began a series of How Kept Order Kept and used a standing army Chose loyal officials to govern the citysates for him King of Babylon conquests, starting with the city-sate of Sumer Conquered southern and central Mesopotamia Centralized government Established a set of laws Lesson 3”Later Empires” Big Idea: The Assyrians used both force and innovations to build a large empire. The Assyrian Empire p. 106-108 Important city was named after chief god Assur o Empire named after the city Learned from the Hittites: o Warfare- skill in war Iron weapons, chariots Own Innovations o Lance, battering rams, harnesses, armor for soldiers and horses o Made them a tough army Organized army with specialized jobs Chariot drivers, archers, cavalry, foot soldiers By 700s BC- the Assyrian army was the largest Mesopotamia had ever seen o King Sennacherib conquered over 40 cities & captured 200,000 prisoners Attacked & destroyed Babylon o Assyrian Empire included all of Mesopotamia and stretched into northern Africa Assyrian Achievements p.108-109 Improved transportation and communication o Built world’s first system of paved roads that linked major cities o This led to a postal system for carrying messages and decrees Built large monuments Made locks that opened with keys Magnifying glasses Used plumbing and flush toilets Brought running water to cities King Sennacherib assembled first library o His grandson King Ashurbanipal created a 2nd one Included Assyrian, Babylonian, and Sumerian cuneiform *Important because it’s how we learned about Assyrians today Organized government o Divided lands into territories o Local leaders governed territories Glorious Nineveh p.109-110 In 701 B.C. King Sennacherib made Nineveh the capital Nineveh Before became the Capital City As the Capital City Small city Became beautiful city with Flat-roofed homes of many new buildings unbaked mud bricks or of Had wide boulevards, stone large squares, parks, Mostly single-story gardens buildings Had a magnificent palace Temples were tallest Surrounded by wall with buildings 15 gates Palace built in 650 BC o Covered in stone reliefs Scenes of hunting, military victories, religious ceremonies Built temples o Assur- chief god o Ninurta- god of war o Nabu- god of learning and protector of scribes Medes attacked Nineveh in 612 B.C. and killed the king and the empire fell The New Babylonian Empire p.110-111 Babylon became center of civilization again Often called Neo-Babylonian Empire Nebuchadnezzar was best known king o Ruled for 44 years o Remembered for building projects Major palace, temples, and a ziggurat known as the Tower of Babel Terraced garden called Hanging Gardens of Babylon In time the empire fell to Persia in the east Assyrian Empire Capital Important Kings Size Nineveh Sennacherib, Ashurbanipal Largest empire stretching more than 1600 miles